Gearbox dispute: CVT or DCT, who is more resistant to operation?

It is said that there has been another dispute in the automobile circle recently. This time, the steel chain CVT is competing with Volkswagen’s 7-speed wet dual clutch. As a person who doesn’t know anything about cars, my first reaction is: aren’t these two iron boxes installed in cars? What’s there to argue about? But if you think about it carefully, this is not a trivial matter, it is related to our driving experience and the thickness of our wallet!

Speaking of CVT, it’s like a diligent old ox, and he doesn’t make mistakes when he works quickly. It doesn’t have a fixed ratio, just like a mind-reading assistant, it can adjust the speed according to your needs at any time, making you feel as smooth as floating in the clouds when driving. Moreover, this guy is particularly fuel-efficient, and he is simply the best partner of frugal drivers.

However, CVT also has its small temper. In the case of high speed or heavy load, it is a little overwhelmed, just like a long-distance runner who is suddenly asked to lift weights and is a little uncomfortable. Moreover, the internal structure of CVT is quite special, and maintenance may make your wallet thinner.

Let’s talk about the dual clutch. This guy is like a personality fanatic, and the speed of shifting gears dazzles you. It has two clutches, one for odd gears and the other for even gears, which are perfectly matched. It feels like playing a racing game, and you are so responsive that you seem to be a professional driver.

However, this "master" also has his own shortcomings. Complex structure means high maintenance cost, and it may be a bit "pumping" at low speed, just like an eccentric artist, sometimes giving you a little surprise.

After all, these two gearboxes are like friends with different personalities. CVT is a steady and reliable honest person, suitable for friends who like to drive comfortably and smoothly. However, it is the kind of passionate and energetic school, which is more suitable for fans who pursue passion and performance.

As for who is more resistant to exercise? It depends on how you fuck. If you are a gentle driver and often drive around the city, CVT may be more suitable for you. It can not only make your driving more comfortable, but also save you a lot of gas money. But if you are a "speed freak" who loves high-speed driving, those clutches may be more to your taste. It can give you faster response and stronger power output, and let you gallop on the expressway.

However, no matter which gearbox you choose, the most important thing is to take good care of it. Just like taking care of your pet, regular physical examination and regular feeding (oil change) are essential. For CVT, attention should be paid to inspection and replacement or chain to avoid long-term high-load operation. For the dual clutch, it needs to be overhauled in a professional service center. After all, its "temper" is more complicated and needs professionals to "serve".

The article is almost over. I have a question to ask you here: If you had to choose between a smooth and fuel-efficient CVT and a passionate dual clutch, what would you choose? Do you pursue a comfortable economy or prefer passion? Welcome to share your thoughts in the comments section!

At 3 o’clock on the afternoon of September 30, Yangbei Bayou, the mobile brigade of the traffic police detachment of Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, received an alarm from the masses, saying that a two-car rear-end collision occurred about 1 km south of the Bayou. After receiving the alarm, Li Qiangeng, a policeman on duty, immediately led several auxiliary police officers to the scene to carry out pre-disposal. At that time, the injured fell to the ground, and their consciousness was in a confused state. They quickly found umbrellas from the surrounding area and found pillows to put on their heads. In the nearly 20 minutes of waiting for 120 ambulances, Li Qiangeng always covered his umbrella on the head of the injured person who fell to the ground, regardless of his whole body clothes getting wet by the rain, while comforting the injured person with the injured person not to worry and waiting patiently for the ambulance to arrive.

The identity and labor of cleaners win the respect and recognition of tourists, and the situation of hurting the weak gains the understanding and help of passers-by. A small umbrella opens up a piece of empathy; The small space under the umbrella shares the civilization and human feelings of modern society. Autumn rain is cold and people are warm. Thank you for your umbrellas in the rain!

I have to say, in order to let more people use the big model, the technical circle is really different!

The model is not open enough? Someone started a free open source version on their own.

For example, DALL·E Mini, which is popular all over the network recently, and Opt-175B (Open Trained Transformer), which is opened by Meta.

It is all through the way of re-engraving that the original big model that is not open enough becomes available to everyone.

Others think that the model is too big for individual players to bear the sky-high cost.

Therefore, methods such as heterogeneous memory and parallel computing are proposed to speed up and reduce the cost of large model training.

For example, Colossal-AI, an open source project, has just realized that an NVIDIA RTX 3090 can single out a large model with 18 billion parameters.

In these two days, they came up with a new wave:

Seamlessly support Hugging Face community model, and only add a few lines of code to realize low-cost training and fine-tuning of large models.

You know, Hugging Face, as one of the most popular AI libraries, provides the realization of more than 50,000 AI models, which is the first choice for many AI players to train large models.

The Colossal-AI operation is to make the training and fine-tuning of the open model more practical.

And the training effect has also improved.

On a single GPU, compared with Microsoft’s DeepSpeed, Colossal-AI’s automatic optimization strategy can achieve 40% acceleration at the earliest.

Traditional deep learning frameworks such as PyTorch can no longer run such a large model on a single GPU.

For parallel training using 8 GPUs, it can be realized by adding -nprocs 8 to the startup command.

After this wave, it can be said that the cost, efficiency and practical problems that individual AI players need to consider are all grasped ~

No need to modify the code logic.

All talk and no practice.

Let’s take OPT as an example, and expand it in detail to see how the new functions of Colossal-AI can be used.

OPT, the full name is Open Pretrained Transformer.

It was released by Meta AI, and compared with GPT-3, the maximum parameter can reach 175 billion.

The biggest feature is that GPT-3 does not disclose model weights, while OPT opens all codes and weights.

Therefore, every developer can develop personalized downstream tasks on this basis.

The following example is to fine-tune Casual Language Modelling according to the pre-training weights provided by OPT.

Mainly divided into two steps:

1. Add a configuration file

2. Start the operation

The first step is to add a configuration file according to the task you want to perform.

For example, on a GPU, taking heterogeneous training as an example, it is only necessary to add relevant configuration items to the configuration file, without changing the training logic of the code.

For example, tension _ placement _ policy determines the strategy of heterogeneous training, and the parameters can be CUDA, CPU and auto.

The advantages of each strategy are different, and the adaptation situation is different.

CUDA: All model parameters are placed on the GPU, which is suitable for traditional scenes that can still be trained without unloading.

CPU: All the model parameters are placed in the CPU memory, and only the weights currently involved in calculation are reserved in the GPU memory, which is suitable for the training of super-large models.

Auto: According to the real-time memory information, automatically determine the amount of parameters to be kept in GPU memory, which can maximize the utilization of GPU memory and reduce data transmission between CPU and GPU.

For ordinary users, using auto strategy is the most convenient.

In this way, Colossal-AI can automatically and dynamically select the best heterogeneous strategy in real time to maximize the computational efficiency.

from colossalai.zero.shard_utils import TensorShardStrategy

zero = dict(model_config=dict(shard_strategy=TensorShardStrategy(),

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 tensor_placement_policy="auto"),

　 　 　 　 　 　 optimizer_config=dict(gpu_margin_mem_ratio=0.8))

The second step is to insert a few lines of code to start the new function after the configuration file is ready.

First, start Colossal-AI with a configuration file through a line of code.

Colossal-AI will automatically initialize the distributed environment, read the relevant configuration, and then automatically inject the functions in the configuration into components such as models and optimizers.

colossalai.launch_from_torch(config=’https://news.mydrivers.com/1/845/configs/colossalai_zero.py’)

Then, the data set, model, optimizer, loss function and so on are defined as usual.

For example, using native PyTorch code directly, when defining the model, you only need to initialize the model under ZeroInitContext.

Here, the OPTForCausalLM model and pre-training weights provided by Hugging Face are used to fine-tune the Wikitext dataset.

with ZeroInitContext(target_device=torch.cuda.current_device(),　

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 shard_strategy=shard_strategy,

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 shard_param=True):

　 　 model = OPTForCausalLM.from_pretrained(

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 ‘facebook/opt-1.3b’

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 config=config

Next, just call colossalai.initialize to inject the heterogeneous memory functions defined in the configuration file into the training engine, and then start the corresponding functions.

engine, train_dataloader, eval_dataloader, lr_scheduler = colossalai.initialize(model=model,

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　optimizer=optimizer,

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　criterion=criterion,

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　train_dataloader=train_dataloader,

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　test_dataloader=eval_dataloader,

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　lr_scheduler=lr_scheduler)

Still have to rely on GPU+CPU heterogeneity

The key to enable users to achieve the above "fool-like" operation is that the AI system itself should be smart enough.

Gemini, an efficient heterogeneous memory management subsystem of Colossal-AI system, plays a core role.

It is like a manager in the system, which dynamically allocates the memory of CPU and GPU after collecting the information needed for calculation.

The specific working principle is to preheat in the previous step and collect the memory consumption information in the dynamic calculation diagram of PyTorch.

After preheating, before calculating an operator, using the collected memory usage records, Gemini will reserve the peak memory required by this operator on the computing device, and at the same time move some model tensors from GPU memory to CPU memory.

Gemini’s built-in memory manager marks each tensor with a state information, including HOLD, COMPUTE, FREE and so on.

Then, according to the dynamically queried memory usage, the tensor state is dynamically changed and the tensor position is adjusted.

The direct benefit is to maximize the model capacity and balance the training speed under the condition of very limited hardware.

You know, the mainstream method of ZeRO (Zero Reduency Optimizer) in the industry, although it also uses the method of CPU+GPU heterogeneous memory, will still cause problems such as system crash and unnecessary traffic due to static division.

Moreover, by using dynamic heterogeneous CPU+GPU memory, memory can also be expanded by adding memory bars.

It’s much more cost-effective than buying high-end graphics cards.

At present, using Colossal-AI method, RTX 2060 6GB ordinary game instinct training 1.5 billion parameter model; RTX 3090 24GB host directly hits the big model with 18 billion parameters; Tesla V100 32GB can even win 24 billion parameters.

In addition to maximizing the use of memory, Colossal-AI also uses distributed and parallel methods to continuously improve the training speed.

It proposes complex parallel strategies such as data parallelism, pipeline parallelism and 2.5-dimensional tensor parallelism.

Although the method is complex, it is still very "fool’s operation" to get started, and it can be realized automatically by simple declaration.

There is no need to invade code like other systems and frameworks, and handle complex underlying logic manually.

parallel = dict(

pipeline=2,

tensor=dict(mode=’2.5d’, depth = 1, size=4)

)

What else can Colossal-AI do?

In fact, since the open source, Colossal-AI has been ranked first in the world in the hot list of GitHub and Papers With Code for many times, and it is well-known in the technical circle.

In addition to training a large model with a single GPU as mentioned above, Colossal-AI can double its performance and reduce its resources to less than one tenth when it is extended to large-scale parallel scenes with dozens or even hundreds of GPUs, compared with existing systems such as Megatron-LM in NVIDIA.

In terms of conversion, the cost savings can reach millions of yuan on pre-training GPT-3 and other super-large AI models.

According to reports, Colossal-AI related solutions have been used by well-known manufacturers in autonomous driving, cloud computing, retail, medicine, chips and other industries.

At the same time, they also attach great importance to the construction of open source community, provide Chinese tutorials, open user community forums, and constantly update iterations according to everyone’s feedback.

For example, we found that a fan left a message asking whether Colossal-AI could directly load some models on Hugging Face.

Well, this update is coming.

So, what difficulties do you think need to be solved urgently for large model training?

In fact, the Internet medical industry entered a bottleneck period in previous years. Policy restrictions are on the one hand, and the industry itself has many problems to be straightened out. For example, Internet medical care has at least two problems that cannot be ignored, namely, the quality and safety of medical care. Considering the particularity of medical behavior, for example, western medicine needs to see, touch and listen, Chinese medicine needs to look, hear and ask questions, and the diagnosis and treatment mode of face-to-face communication is ruled out. What is the accuracy of Internet medical diagnosis results? Accuracy-based medical safety geometry? In other words, does Internet medical care have the possibility of first consultation?

In this regard, Zhu Hengpeng, director of the Public Policy Research Center of China Academy of Social Sciences, said after the State Council issued the Opinions on Promoting the Development of "Internet+Medical Health" that this restriction was to ensure the quality and safety of medical services, which reflected the highly cautious attitude of the Health and Health Commission. However, he also pointed out that it is not that the first Internet consultation must surpass the first offline consultation in terms of safety and service quality, and it should be allowed by the policy. Instead, it should be judged whether the first Internet consultation is not inferior to the first offline consultation under the conditions of comprehensively weighing the four factors of improving the accessibility of medical services, reducing costs, improving efficiency and ensuring quality. In addition, in addition to quality and safety issues, Internet medical care still needs to be improved.

First, the relevant laws and regulations are not perfect and lack effective supervision.Internet medical treatment is still a new industry. At present, some laws and regulations are not perfect, which makes the Internet medical treatment industry lack comprehensive and effective supervision and restriction. For example, information security issues such as privacy leakage that may exist in the use of consulting services, telemedicine and mobile medical equipment need to establish a set of privacy protection laws and regulations that are suitable for the national conditions.

Second, some medical institutions hold a wait-and-see attitude towards "Internet+medical care".The main purpose of "Internet+medical care" operation is to solve the contradiction between the imbalance of medical services and the growing demand for health services by the masses. However, the current medical institutions, especially public medical institutions, are unable to let go of medical talents, and the conservative wait-and-see between departments has restricted the development of "Internet+medical care" to some extent.

Third, doctors’ "pain points in practice" need to be concerned.At present, most online doctors are still organizations with the status of compilation, and online "sharing" may mean offline "loss". There is still a long way to go to realize the combination of online and offline doctors, and to ensure that patients can easily obtain electronic prescriptions while online diagnosis and treatment, so as to complete the purchase of drugs.

Although there are still many places that need to be improved and perfected, Internet medical care still has great development potential in the long run. If Internet medical care does not stop at a short-lived prosperity during the epidemic, it must try its best to overcome various obstacles that affect long-term development. Its core lies in the efforts to promote the multi-party linkage development environment of medical institutions, doctors, Internet companies, etc., to form a complete and standardized closed-loop medical service and realize real "digital health".

In the future, Internet medical care should strive to grasp the demands of all parties and take demand as the source of development.There are still many pain points in China’s traditional medical service system, such as difficult and expensive medical treatment, and the demands of all participants for Internet medical care are obvious. In this context, Internet medical enterprises need to think from the perspective of users’ needs, and seek application models and business models centered on users’ needs in the fields of medical services, public health, medical security and drug management.

The smart medical service model of "big data+artificial intelligence" will play an important role in promoting the development of Internet medical care. Intelligent medical products integrate disease monitoring, health management and decision-making, which can realize the interaction between patients and medical personnel, medical institutions and medical equipment, and gradually achieve informationization. I believe that in the near future, Internet medical care will be integrated with more high technologies such as artificial intelligence and sensing technology, so that medical services will become truly intelligent.

　　The large-scale island dating reality show "Love on the Island" created by the local team of Guangdong Satellite TV, which carries the positive energy of a new generation of young people’s love and dating, has also set off a wave of island tourism. Starting from the idea of building the Belt and Road tourism development in China, the program shows the vigorous vitality of contemporary youth in China to the world by integrating the beautiful scenery of Southeast Asian islands along the Maritime Silk Road with guests.

　　What is worth looking forward to is that this large-scale island dating reality show "Love on the Island" will be held onThis Saturday at 22:00Meet with you again, Manado!

　　With the deepening of the third lens, we not only gradually unveiled the mysterious veil of this charming island Manado, but also with the further promotion of the emotional line of the program, the emotions of the nine guests also collided with fierce sparks. "In today’s society, there is not much love full of positive energy, especially the romantic performance of Luo Yun and Fang Lan in the program, which seems to see themselves who worked hard for love in the past." Netizens expressed their views after watching the third program.

　　What wonderful clips have appeared in this issue of "Love on the Island" that make netizens sigh so much? Let’s find out!

　　The choice between friendship and love? River valley rafting staged a heart-wrenching test

　　In the third episode just aired, we experienced the turbulent side hidden in the beautiful jungle of Mina-the drifting of Baishui River. At the beginning of the program, nine guests need to try their best to compete for the air pump of the hull. The quick-eyed Lincoln and Yu Wen won the most efficient air pump and were the first to prepare the hull for sailing in the envious eyes of all the guests.

　　Lincoln and Yu Wen, who have fully proved their strength, are bathed in the joy of victory. At this point, an embarrassing thing has attracted people’s attention. It turned out that the sunrise, Romeo and Luo Yun simultaneously extended a helping hand to Lincoln. On the one hand, he is a good buddy on the road, and on the other hand, he is a sweetheart who doesn’t agree with himself but always has hope, which makes Lincoln fall into deep hesitation. In order to make the beloved person not so hard, this balance finally leans towards the group of Guan Xi. He handed the air pump by himself and told Bian Ce, Guan Xi’s partner, "Don’t let Guan Xi work so hard in the next link", which showed his full manly charm.

　　Old love is still the most beautiful! Island owner Yang Sen said with emotion after witnessing the whole process. From the acquaintance on the uninhabited island in the first phase to the stumbling in the tropical rain forest in the second phase, this is actually the projection of many young people making friends in tell it to the judge today. The female guest Yan Xi dares to love and hate, and the male guest Lincoln bravely strives for love. This scene also conveys to the audience a positive view of love, which is full of feelings and is told in a creative reality show way.

　　Luo Kai falls in love "Xiuluochang" and sounds love alarm along the dangerous river.

　　At the end of the canyon drifting, such an unexpected plot happened.

　　In the dangerous and fast-flowing Baishui River basin, the competition among nine guests has also been heated up. At this time, the sky darkened in an instant, and the rainstorm suddenly came. The river was like a tap that was opened wide in an instant. The unprepared guests had to go ashore to find ropes under the guidance of experienced boatmen and planned to cross the Baishui River.

　　"At that time, the current was particularly urgent. If you step on the air carelessly, the consequences will be unimaginable." This is the guest’s pertinent evaluation of the danger at that time. However, at this time, an awkward atmosphere spread quietly among the people. When the guest partners helped each other down the hillside to cross the river, Luo Kai, a male guest, left his partner Fang Lan to help Rong Rong because of carelessness or ulterior motives. The female guest who noticed something was wrong immediately called Luo Kai back to help his partner Fang Lan, while Fang Lan, a "female man" at this time. At that time, the delicate relationship between the two suddenly fell into an unprecedented crisis.

　　Romantic banquet table true feelings fancy love explodes the girl’s heart

　　This week, "Romantic Dinner" was launched again. As a "mysterious person", Liu Han revealed his views on love for the first time through poetry. "I have a heart willing to make green leaves for you." He has always been a guest of dark line observation. At this moment, he also presented meaningful flowers to four female guests to show his affection for one of them.

　　The most appetizing thing is that male and female guests choose each other to talk, which is the first time that male and female guests have opened their hearts since the broadcast. The male guests started the age of love mode one after another. Lincoln first sang a song "Little Lucky" and invited Xian Xi to have a profound dialogue. The two finally solved the entanglement in their hearts and exchanged gifts to make a deep friendship. Not to be outdone, Romeo, an Italian man, extended an olive branch to his partner Rong Rong, walked barefoot on the grass, gave a shell necklace and other "Italian" confession methods to win Rong Rong’s heart;

　　The plot of Luo Kai and Fang Lan’s reconciliation of grievances makes the love of this program warm up to the highest point. Fang Lan, who was angry with Luo Yun before, took Bian Ce as the object of heart-to-heart. However, Luo Yun’s sudden appearance stopped the dialogue between them, and the two of them quarreled as a bee in the night. The impatient Luo Yun posed a love with a personal photo on the grass. "You only have yourself in your world," Fang Lan complained, "but when there is another person in the middle of love, it may be different."

　　There is loss, hesitation, mixed with happiness and romance, which may be the truest embodiment of today’s young people’s love. The love tree between guests has set a benchmark for making friends with positive energy. Love on the Island meets you at 22:00 every Saturday night in Manado Island! Stay tuned!

　　BEIJING, March 6 (Zhongxin Finance Xie Yiguan Shao Wanyun) How do you view the economic growth target of around 5%? What is the price and employment situation this year? How to play the pulling role of "Troika"? How to ensure food security and energy security?

　　On the 6th, the State Council Office held a series of press conferences on the theme of "Opening by Authoritative Departments". Zhao Chenxin, Li Chunlin and Yang Yinkai, deputy directors of the National Development and Reform Commission, attended and responded to many hot issues.

　　Talk about GDP

　　— — The expected target of about 5% is in line with the trend of economic operation.

　　The government work report puts forward the main expected targets for this year’s development, in which the GDP will increase by about 5%.

　　In Zhao Chenxin’s view, the expected target of about 5% conforms to the trend of economic operation and the law of economic development, and is also conducive to guiding all parties to pay more attention to improving the quality and efficiency of economic development, accelerating the construction of a new development pattern and promoting high-quality development.

　　"We have made statistics and analysis. Among the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, 27 provinces have higher expected targets than the whole country, among which 23 provinces have 5.5% or above. The development confidence and pragmatic measures taken by various localities have created conditions and laid the foundation for the realization of national goals." Zhao Chenxi said.

　　Talk about prices

　　— — Have confidence and ability to achieve the expected goal of CPI this year.

　　According to the government work report, the main expected target of CPI for the whole year is an increase of about 3%.

　　"This year, due to geopolitical conflicts, imported inflation risks and other multiple factors, domestic price operation still faces some uncertain and unstable factors." Li Chunlin said, but we must see that China’s grain has been abundant for 19 years, and it has remained above 1.3 trillion Jin of grain for many years. The bumper harvest of grain is the biggest "ballast stone" for us to ensure stable prices.

　　"At the same time, the pig production capacity is reasonable and abundant, the commodity supply is sufficient, the energy security is strong, and the system of ensuring supply and stabilizing prices is further improved. It can be said that the foundation for maintaining the stable operation of prices is very solid, and we have the confidence and ability to achieve the expected goal of CPI this year. " Li Chunlin said.

　　Video: National Development and Reform Commission: Have confidence and ability to achieve the expected target of CPI this year. Source: China News Network.

　　Talk about consumption

　　— — It is predicted that consumption will become the main driving force of economic growth this year.

　　Final consumption is the lasting driving force of economic growth. At the national level, it has been repeatedly emphasized that restoring and expanding consumption should be given higher priority.

　　Li Chunlin pointed out that from the consumption figures during the Spring Festival, China’s consumption has accelerated since the beginning of the year. At present, some uncertain factors restricting the release of consumption are gradually being eliminated. With the rapid release of consumption potential, the growth rate of major indicators in the consumption field is expected to gradually pick up in the first half of the year. Looking forward to the whole year, consumption can become the main driving force of economic growth and better play a fundamental role in economic growth. This is a prediction of the consumption situation this year.

　　"In the new year, there are many policy tools in our policy toolbox to deal with the unfavorable factors that restrict consumption. We have the confidence and ability to ensure the implementation of measures to promote consumption this year, and make consumption make greater contributions in the annual growth rate of about 5% of GDP. " Li Chunlin said.

　　Talk about investment

　　— — Further strengthen the key role of investment in optimizing the supply structure

　　In terms of investment, Yang Yinkai said that this year, we will continue to do a good job in expanding effective investment, solidly promote the construction of major projects, effectively promote the investment of the whole society through government investment and policy incentives, focus on consolidating the good momentum of steady growth of infrastructure investment and manufacturing investment, and further enhance the key role of investment in optimizing the supply structure.

　　According to Yang Yinkai, focus on the following four aspects: First, focus on short-board areas and weak links, and accelerate the construction of key areas; Second, give full play to the role of various investment policies and promote the construction of major projects as a whole; Third, strengthen the project reserve and continuously improve the quality of preliminary work of investment projects; The fourth is to further stimulate the vitality of private investment and continuously optimize the investment environment.

　　Talking about foreign investment

　　— — We will encourage foreign investment to deepen the China market with a more open and inclusive attitude.

　　"China’s new characteristics of increasing the total amount of foreign investment and optimizing its structure fully demonstrate the global investors’ investment in China’s development ‘ Confidence vote ’ 。” Yang Yinkai said that in attracting foreign investment this year, we will steadily expand the institutional opening of rules, regulations, management and standards, and strive to create a market-oriented, rule-of-law and international first-class business environment to provide support for global investors to invest in China. In the key work, including the orderly promotion of telecommunications, Internet, education, culture, medical care and other fields.

　　Yang Yinkai also stressed that China has always been an "activist" in opening to the outside world at a high level, and we will encourage foreign investment to deepen the China market with a more open and inclusive attitude.

　　Talk about employment

　　— — The employment situation will stabilize and improve.

　　Employment is the biggest and most basic livelihood. Li Chunlin said that from this year’s situation, the external environment has become more complicated and severe. The number of domestic college graduates and urban employment demand have reached new highs, and employment expansion and quality improvement still face some pressures and challenges. However, we must also see that with the steady growth, stable employment and stable prices, the business entities such as enterprises will resume development, which will lead to the expansion of employment demand and the increase of jobs, and the employment situation will be stable and good.

　　"Last year, we set a new employment target of 11 million people, and actually completed 12.06 million people, 1 million more than the planned target. The target set this year is about 12 million people, 1 million more than last year’s target, which fully reflects our confidence and determination to stabilize employment. "

　　Talking about food security

　　— — The string of ensuring national food security cannot be relaxed for a moment.

　　In recent years, the international grain market fluctuates greatly, and food security has become a common concern.

　　Zhao Chenxin said that on the whole, China’s grain supply and price stability foundation is solid, grain production has been bumper year after year, market regulation has been continuously improved, the circulation system is safe and reliable, the inventory is at a high level, and the ability to cope with major natural disasters and public emergencies has been continuously improved. The overall food security situation is good, and the food supply can meet the daily consumption of the people and the development needs of related industries.

　　However, Zhao Chenxin also pointed out that China has a population of more than 1.4 billion. Solving the problem of eating well has always been the top priority in governing the country, and the string of ensuring national food security cannot be relaxed for a moment. On the one hand, do a good job in grain production. On the other hand, fully guarantee market supply.

　　Talking about energy security

　　— — Comprehensive policy to ensure safe and stable supply of energy

　　Energy security is an important part of national security, and it is a typical "big country". "Overall, China’s energy security is guaranteed." Li Chunlin said that in 2023, the international energy supply and demand situation is still complicated and there are many uncertain factors; The recovery and development of domestic economy has driven the steady growth of energy demand, and the contradiction between regional and periodic energy supply and demand still exists.

　　Li Chunlin said that in order to ensure stable energy supply and price, we will continue to strengthen the construction of energy production, supply, storage and sales system on the basis of preliminary work, and comprehensively implement policies to ensure safe and stable energy supply. First, increase energy production and supply; Second, continue to consolidate energy reserves; The third is to keep energy prices stable; The fourth is to resolutely keep the bottom line of people’s livelihood.

[car home Qingdao Preferential Promotion Channel] Recently, we learned from Mercedes-Benz dealers that a large-scale preferential promotion activity is being carried out in Qingdao. The highest discount has reached an astonishing 130,000 yuan, and the lowest starting price has dropped to 348,000 yuan. If you have a car purchase plan, you may wish to click "Check the car price" in the quotation form to get a higher discount.

The front face design of Mercedes-Benz EQE adopts a unique starlight grille, and the brand’s iconic starlight pattern is embedded inside, which is not only beautiful but also full of scientific sense. The air intake grille adopts a closed design, which shows its pure electric identity. At the same time, it is matched with LED headlights and daytime running lights on both sides, making the whole front look sharper and more dynamic. Overall style, EQE follows the design language of Mercedes-Benz family, with smooth lines and coordinated body proportions, showing a unique charm of combining modernity and classics.

Mercedes-Benz EQE has a length, width and height of 4,969 * 1,906 * 1,514 mm, a wheelbase of 3120mm, and a front track of 1634mm and a rear track of 1,645 mm. The body lines are smooth and elegant. Both the front and rear tires adopt the specifications of 255/45 R19, and the fashionable and dynamic rim design further improves the visual effect and driving stability of the whole vehicle.

Mercedes-Benz EQE interior adopts luxurious and modern design style, and the center console is equipped with a 12.8-inch touch screen, which supports voice recognition control of multimedia system, navigation, telephone, air conditioner and sunroof. The steering wheel is made of high-quality leather, with electric up-and-down and forward-and-backward adjustment functions, providing excellent grip and comfort. The car is also equipped with three front-row Type-C interfaces and two rear-row USB/Type-C interfaces, as well as the wireless charging function of the front-row mobile phone, which is convenient for passengers to use mobile devices. In terms of seats, the main and co-pilot seats are made of imitation leather, which provides multi-directional adjustment functions such as front and rear adjustment, backrest adjustment, height adjustment (4-way), leg rest adjustment and lumbar support (4-way). In addition, the front seats also have heating and ventilation functions, further improving the ride comfort. The rear seats support proportional reclining, and the space can be flexibly adjusted as needed. In addition, the driver’s seat and the co-pilot seat are also equipped with electric seat memory function, which is convenient for drivers and passengers to quickly adjust to the most comfortable position.

Mercedes-Benz EQE is equipped with an efficient motor with a maximum power of 300kW and a maximum torque of 858N·m, which provides a strong power output and a smooth driving experience for the vehicle.

Car home car owners’ evaluation of Mercedes-Benz EQE is: "I think it’s good. It may be ordinary at first sight, but the real car is still pretty good. It is that the taillights are a bit like BYD. " This evaluation not only affirmed the aesthetic feeling of EQE design, but also pointed out the uniqueness of its taillight design.

　　Pregnancy and childbirth are normal physiological processes of human reproduction, and most women can naturally give birth to healthy babies. Cesarean section is an important means to solve dystocia, deal with serious pregnancy complications and save the lives of mother and baby.

　　In recent years, with the development of perinatal medicine, the conditions of operation, anesthesia technology and drug treatment have been gradually improved, and the safety of cesarean section has been continuously improved. At the same time, the cesarean section rate has been increasing all over the world.

　　Twenty-one medical institutions were randomly selected from Beijing, Yunnan and Zhejiang to participate in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Survey on Pregnancy and Perinatal Care (2007-2008), and the survey results were published in The Lancet magazine in February 2010.

　　The average cesarean section rate in the three continents (Asia, Latin America and Africa) participating in this survey is 25.7%, of which Asia is 27.3%, while China is 46.5%, ranking first among the 24 countries participating in the survey.

　　The report also pointed out that in China, the cesarean section rate with non-medical indications accounts for 11.7% of all cesarean sections, ranking first among the sampling countries; In Viet Nam, which ranks next to China, the cesarean section rate is 35.6%, but the cesarean section rate without medical indications is only 1%.

　　The cesarean section rate in China has far exceeded the WHO standard of reducing the cesarean section rate to below 15%. The rapid increase of cesarean section rate and the decrease of natural delivery rate have brought heavy economic burden to society and families, and also wasted great health resources.

　　1. Present situation of natural childbirth in China

　　In the 1950s and 1970s, the natural delivery rate in China was around 95%. Since then, with the progress of medical technology and the improvement of material living standards, the natural delivery rate has been declining, and the cesarean section rate has been increasing year by year. After the 1980s, it quickly rose to 30% ~ 40%, and almost reached 40% ~ 60% in the 1990s.

　　In the 21st century, cesarean section has become more common. The cesarean section rate in most domestic urban hospitals is above 40% ~ 60%, and a few may be higher. The wide application of cesarean section has not reduced the perinatal mortality. Compared with natural delivery, the relative risk of maternal death has risen, which has a greater impact on the follow-up of maternal and perinatal children and increases the consumption of health resources, which has become another serious public health problem in China.

　　Zhu Xuanbo and others found that the cesarean section rate was 37.6% from 1993 to 2010 in the study of cesarean section rate of singleton primiparous women and pregnant women in some areas of China. Pregnant women require 10.0% cesarean section.

　　The rate of cesarean section in southern cities increased from 29.4% to 58.7%, in southern rural areas from 18.2% to 58.3%, and in northern rural areas from 4.3% to 49.5%. Among them, the rate of cesarean section required by pregnant women in southern cities increased from 0.6% to 21.3%, up 34 times; From 0.6% to 24.4% in southern rural areas, it has increased by 40 times;

　　The rural areas in the north increased by 44 times from 0.6% to 27.3%. Pregnant women’s request for cesarean section accounts for the main part of cesarean section.

　　In 2006, the National Institutes of Health,NIH) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) put forward the definition and principles for the cesarean section required by the mother of this singleton pregnancy without clinical complications.

　　It is defined as Cesar can delivery on cesarean section (CDMR) requested by the mother. The principle of handling CDMR is that the decision should be individualized and ethical, and CDMR should not be performed unless there is evidence of fetal lung maturity before 39 weeks of pregnancy.

　　At the same time, delivery institutions should provide effective pain management for all delivery women, and pain should not be the reason for choosing CDMR. Mothers who need to have multiple children do not advocate CDMR.

　　Therefore, clinicians in China should refer to the suggestions of NIH and ACOG, fully inform pregnant women of the advantages and disadvantages of CDMR, and avoid improper timing of elective cesarean section without clear indications, so as to reduce the increasing cesarean section rate.

　　At present, China is at the peak of fertility, and it is estimated that the peak will continue until 2015 before it will gradually stabilize. Nowadays, most young expectant mothers are only children, and fear of pain and convenience has become an important reason for them to choose cesarean section during delivery.

　　Superior living and working conditions weaken people’s tolerance for pain. For today’s healthy young women, there is nothing more painful than having to endure pain for more than ten hours when giving birth. The fear of "pain" urges them to choose cesarean section during delivery.

　　In addition, compared with natural delivery, cesarean section does not need a "long" wait, and "one knife" can solve the problem. For the above reasons, the number of pregnant women who choose cesarean section, especially primiparas, is increasing.

　　ACOG and SMFM jointly issued the first obstetrical care consensus No.1 & mdash; Safely avoid the first cesarean section.

　　It is suggested that doctors weigh the short-term and long-term advantages and disadvantages of cesarean section and vaginal delivery, and avoid the abuse of cesarean section safely and effectively, especially the first cesarean section. The common causes of the first cesarean section were analyzed by consensus, and the results were as follows: abnormal labor process, abnormal fetal heart rate monitoring, abnormal fetal position, multiple pregnancies and suspected macrosomia.

　　In view of the above reasons, the consensus puts forward a series of intervention measures, including redefining abnormal labor process and reducing unnecessary intervention in labor process; To provide non-medical support during labor and improve the recognition ability of fetal heart monitoring;

　　Carry out the application of external gluteal inversion; Reasonable nutrition guidance during pregnancy to prevent macrosomia; It is suggested that cesarean section should not be used as far as possible in twin pregnancy with the first fetus as the head position. The suggestions put forward by this consensus have a guiding role in reducing the delivery rate of first cesarean section in China.

　　At present, with the liberalization of the second child policy, not only will there be a group of pregnant women who will have two children for the first time in the future, but also a group who will be pregnant again after cesarean section. In the past, most countries preferred elective cesarean section for those pregnant women with a history of cesarean section (CS). In 1999, Lu Lini reported 1174 cases of cesarean section, of which 137 cases were cesarean section again, accounting for 11.6%, while in 2003, the rate of cesarean section again in the United States was as high as 89.4%.

　　Therefore, it is widely discussed in the industry that the second cesarean section will obviously increase the bleeding during maternity and postpartum, the rate of blood transfusion, infection, bladder and intestinal injury and the incidence of deep venous thrombosis. At the same time, pelvic adhesion caused by previous surgery also increases the difficulty of surgery. Newborns are also prone to transient dyspnea.

　　Therefore, since 1996, the United States began to encourage pregnant women with a history of CS to choose vaginal delivery (VBAC) when they are pregnant again. ACOG began to advocate VBAC in 1999. However, after nearly ten years’ efforts, there are still many difficulties to be solved, especially the possibility of uterine rupture and the risk of maternal and fetal failure in trial delivery.

　　In 2005, the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) published the second edition of Clinical Guidelines for Vaginal Delivery after Cesarean Section, which reviewed the contraindications of trial of labor, TOL) after Cesarean Section and its impact on pregnant women and fetus, and made an evidence-based assessment of the safety of VBAC.

　　It is believed that obstetricians should discuss the risks and benefits of VBAC with pregnant women who are willing to accept TOL. If the previous cesarean section was a transverse incision of the lower uterus and there was no contraindication to VBAC, the pregnant women should be advised to take TOL.

　　In order to ensure the safety and effectiveness of VBAC, the parturient should go to the hospital where emergency cesarean section can be carried out. During the labor process, we should closely monitor whether there is any abnormality between the mother and the baby, and deal with it in time if there is any abnormality. It is safe and reliable to use oxytocin to induce labor.

　　When the parturient is willing to accept induced labor and knows its risks, it is feasible to induce labor for the parturient with clear indications. Prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin E1 are not recommended for induced labor during TOL. If the cervical maturity is low during TOL, Foley catheter can be used to soften the cervix. Although the success rate is not high, it will not increase the risk of uterine rupture.

　　At present, many large-scale case series studies have confirmed that VBAC is relatively safe. The domestic and foreign literature reports that the success rate of vaginal trial delivery after cesarean section is 60% ~ 80%, and the uterine rupture rate of patients with transverse incision of lower uterine segment after previous cesarean section is only 0.1% ~ 1.5%.

　　Therefore, vaginal delivery after cesarean section can effectively reduce the incidence of uterine rupture, improve the success rate of vaginal delivery, and also play a positive role in reducing postpartum maternal and child complications.

　　In the mid-1950s, Friedman established the standard of normal delivery progress and delivery curve by evaluating the labor process data of 500 primiparas admitted to Sloane Hospital in new york, and the delivery curve was called Friedman’s labor process diagram or labor process standard.

　　This standard has been used to evaluate and manage the delivery process of lying-in women and played a certain role. However, in the practice of obstetrics and anesthesia, it is found that with the development of human society, the natural process of childbirth has changed because of the delay of marriage and childbearing age, the increase of pregnant women’s body weight and the increase of fetal body weight. Managing the labor process according to Friedman’s labor process standard has greatly increased obstetric interventions such as artificial rupture of membranes, widespread use of oxytocin and abuse of instrumental midwifery.

　　In recent years, some evidence-based medicine research results reflecting the changes of natural labor process have been published one after another. The unanimous conclusion is that Friedman labor chart is no longer suitable for today’s obstetric clinic, and it is recommended to abandon it.

　　The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the American Maternal and Fetal Medical Association (SMFM) and ACOG jointly recommended the use of new labor progress standards to manage the labor process. In 2014, experts from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association also put forward a new standard of labor process and an expert consensus on its handling, advocating the popularization and use of new standards of normal labor process and abnormal labor process in China’s obstetric clinical work, and further observing and summing up experience in the implementation, so that this new standard of labor process can play a role in reducing unnecessary labor process intervention, reducing cesarean section rate and ensuring maternal delivery safety.

　　Many pregnant women in China choose cesarean section because they are unwilling to endure the pain of natural delivery. However, the development of painless delivery in China is still in its infancy, and there is still a big gap with developed countries in Europe and America. In developed countries, the labor analgesia rate is over 80%, and the cesarean section rate is less than 20%, while the labor analgesia rate in China is less than 1%, but the cesarean section rate is 50%.

　　Increasing the rate of labor analgesia can effectively reduce pregnant women’s fear of labor pain and help reduce cesarean section by at least 5%, or even more.

　　The situation that the natural delivery rate is continuously low and the cesarean section rate remains high in China has attracted the attention of the state. In 2011, China Maternal and Child Health Association launched the project of "promoting natural delivery and ensuring the well-being of mother and baby", and adopted a series of measures at the national level to "cool down" cesarean section.

　　The overall goal of the five-year project is to create a social environment and concept to promote natural childbirth, popularize appropriate midwifery techniques and standardized health education contents and methods to promote natural childbirth, reduce unnecessary cesarean section and maternal and infant mortality, and establish an incentive mechanism to promote natural childbirth through the establishment of training centers, the formation of missionary teams, the cultivation of technical backbones, and the improvement of safeguard measures.

　　Popularize appropriate techniques and measures to promote natural delivery and improve medical staff’s cognition and handling ability of maternal and infant complications; Standardize the health education guidance to promote natural childbirth; Raise public awareness of promoting natural childbirth; Effective use of maternal and child health care technical service resources, reduce non-medical indications of cesarean section, improve and protect the health of women and children.

　　In 2010, the Health Department of Sichuan Province also vigorously advocated natural delivery and reduced the cesarean section rate, and included the reduction of cesarean section rate in the target assessment of hospitals, requiring all hospitals in the province to reduce the cesarean section rate by 5 percentage points on the original basis. It is believed that under the control of the government, the high cesarean section rate in China can be curbed.

　　2. Prospect of natural childbirth in China

　　With the harm of cesarean section to parturient and newborn being paid attention to by the state and obstetricians, and the increase of measures to promote natural delivery, such as labor analgesia, doula companionship, the improvement of midwifery technology, the reduction of episiotomy rate of natural delivery, the increase of breech inversion, and the liberalization of national second child policy, prenatal health education and publicity for pregnant women, diet control during pregnancy, strengthening exercise, reducing the first cesarean section, and advocating VBAC.

　　The current cesarean section rate has been declining year by year in recent years, and the mode of intrapartum service has also changed from the mode of intervention to the mode of giving priority to the safety and health of mother and baby, and advocated providing humanized and individualized services to pregnant women in physiology, psychology and environment.

　　Continuous physical, psychological and emotional support to the parturient during the delivery process makes the parturient feel comfortable and safe, and can cooperate with the medical staff to spend the delivery process safely and happily, thus achieving the purpose of promoting natural delivery.

　　Organized by the Women’s Health Branch of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, the women who gave birth in 9 medical and health institutions such as Beijing Maternity Hospital from November 2000 to June 2001 were taken as the research objects, and the influence of accompanying delivery on the labor process, maternal and infant outcome and maternal psychology, the feasibility of appropriate delivery technology and the influence of changing the health care model during delivery on pregnancy outcome were studied by using the control research method. The results showed that vaginal delivery accounted for 85.5% in the accompanying group, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (66.0%). Cesarean section accounted for 8.1% in the labor group, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (28.6%).

　　The emergency labor rate, postpartum hemorrhage rate and neonatal asphyxia rate in the accompanying labor group were also significantly lower than those in the control group. Compared with the control group, the degree of mental stress, worry and fear in the accompanying group was significantly reduced, while those who relaxed and cooperated with the labor process were significantly higher than the control group. It shows that the appropriate delivery service mode can increase the natural delivery rate, reduce the cesarean section rate and improve the prognosis of mother and baby.

　　The application of new labor chart is strongly advocated in the world and China, which can reduce unnecessary labor intervention, reduce cesarean section rate and ensure the delivery safety of pregnant women.

　　At present, China’s cesarean section rate is as high as 46.2%, ranking first in the world, which brings heavy economic burden to the country, society and families and wastes great health resources. Therefore, it is the responsibility and obligation of contemporary medical workers to improve the natural delivery rate and reduce the cesarean section rate.

　　It is possible to promote vaginal delivery and reduce the cesarean section rate to less than 30% on the premise of the safety of mother and baby through pre-pregnancy health care, pregnancy education and obstetric clinic, but the WHO’s proposal of less than 15% is unrealistic in China.

　　Because WHO put forward this standard around 1985, the present situation has changed a lot compared with that time. And the basis for WHO to propose this goal comes from countries with a majority of multiparas.

　　At present, the delivery in our country is mainly primiparas, and even multiparas, about 50% people have a history of cesarean section. It is a challenge for China to improve the natural delivery rate and reduce the cesarean section rate. We have a long way to go to truly attach importance to maternal and child health.