Tangyanji Kung Fu Cosmetics Taohe

Xishichen fish makeup

Xi Shi, the first of the four beauties, is famous for her fresh and elegant beauty. Her hibiscus-like beauty of sinking fish means that "birds are frightened into pineapples, and fish are afraid of sinking lotus flowers." It is "the beautiful color hides the present and the ancient, and the lotus is ashamed of its jade", and it is "it is always appropriate to compare the West Lake with the West Lake."

Clear water hibiscus, natural carving. The beauty of Xi Shi has a sense of propriety and shyness.

The overall makeup of Xi Shi’s imitation makeup is weak, and the flow of heavy eyebrows is indirect, and the deep facial features are not carved. Through elegant colors and slender eyebrows, the beauty of women’s skin is highlighted.

　

【Makeup disassembly】

STEP1：

Create a transparent white makeup. Make facial lines more rounded. The whole makeup pays attention to the flawless matte texture, and the two-color concealer in the makeup tray can be superimposed for partial concealer.

STEP2:

With the eyebrow brush in the makeup box, dip the eyebrow powder No.002 in dark brown, and draw a thin and long willow eyebrow. The radian at the end of the eyebrow naturally droops and the brow naturally transitions.

STEP3:

Use No.001 light apricot powder eye shadow to make eye base, and apply No.002 coral powder blush to the end of eyes. Brush and dip 002 coral powder blush from the end of the eye to the cheeks.

STEP4:

Draw the inner eyeliner with Tang Zixuan black eyeliner in the makeup box, and slightly lengthen the end of the eye to create a natural and deep eye shape.

STEP5：

Dip the lipstick tray 01# twilight powder with a lip brush, outline the lip shape and fill it from the inside out.

Tangyanji Kung Fu Cosmetics Taohe

Zhao jun Luo Yan Zhuang

Wang Zhaojun was called "the beauty of falling geese" by later generations. Its natural beauty, piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, everything is fine. The so-called "Emei is peerless, which can make flowers ashamed in the forest", her gentle and graceful temperament and bright and touching facial features have fascinated countless people.

Wang Zhaojun imitates makeup, the overall makeup is bright and atmospheric, and the makeup color emphasizes red. The orange eye shadow blush creates a gentle and elegant feeling of Zhaojun, while the big red lipstick adds color, it also becomes the finishing touch of the whole makeup.

　

【Makeup disassembly】

STEP1：

Apply bright concealer to the face to conceal the face and create a white and clean matte base makeup.

STEP2:

Use Blush 001# to brighten the eyes, nose bridge and brow bone.

STEP3:

Dip the eye shadow brush into 001 light apricot powder, sweep it over the eye contour in a large area, and then gently deepen the eye tail and lower eyelid with a deeper eye shadow 004# honey red brown to create a layered eye makeup.

STEP4:

Lightly trace the inner eyeliner with Tang Zixuan black eyeliner, and pull out the end of the raised eye.

STEP5：

Dip 002 dark brown eyebrow powder with eyebrow brush, tick out the willow eyebrow shape and fill it.

STEP6：

Dip blush 02# coral powder with a blush brush, clean both cheeks, and transition to the present.

STEP7:

Dip the lipstick plate 004# carmine with a lip brush, outline the lip shape and fill it from the inside out.

Tangyanji Kung Fu Cosmetics Taohe

Guanyue The Story Of Diu Sim Zhuang

The Story Of Diu Sim, with the beauty of "closing the moon", has a charming appearance. In The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, she has a touching beauty, charming and touching. The so-called "Tianxiang" has a good reputation in The Story Of Diu Sim, and the beauty of the moon is beautiful. “

The Story Of Diu Sim imitates makeup with thin vermicelli, lightly draws fine eyebrows, slightly dyes red lips, and her temples are thin and fluffy at will. The whole makeup gives people a lazy and casual charm.

　

【Makeup disassembly】

STEP1: The base makeup is decorated with matte white foundation, and then the two-color concealer in the makeup tray is used for partial concealer to create white and flawless skin.

STEP2:

Draw the outline of crescent eyebrow with 002 dark brown, and fill it naturally with eyebrow brush. Crescent eyebrows are slender and slender, and the eyebrows are high and not eye-catching, which is characterized by long and glorious appearance.

STEP3:

Use 001 light apricot eye shadow as the base, then use 003 tan brown eye shadow to smudge the eyes to the end of the eyes, and use 005 meat powder to decorate the eyes to brighten and increase the layering of the eyes.

STEP4:

Use 001 condensed white highlights to brighten the brow bone and bridge of the nose, so that the facial contour is natural and three-dimensional.

STEP5：

Dip 002 Tan Brown Eye Shadow with a blush brush and mix 003 Albizia Albizia Blush, clean the eyes, and make a transition to the cheeks to increase the facial color.

STEP6：

Dip the lipstick tray 004# carmine mixed with 002 persimmon orange with a lip brush, outline the lip shape and fill it.

Tang Yanjiji Kung Fu Makeup Kit

Xiuhua guifei makeup

Yang Guifei, a flower-bashing beauty, is one of the four beauties in ancient times. She is famous for her round pearls, clear eyes and elegance. The so-called "if she but turned her head and smiled, there were cast a hundred spells, and the powder and paint of the Six Palaces faded into nothing", Yang Guifei’s smile is breathtaking, which can be described as "clever smile, beautiful eyes".

The imperial concubine’s makeup inherits the gorgeous style of the Tang Dynasty. The makeup face is gorgeous, the color is mainly pink, the foundation is slightly white, the face is plump and round, and the eyebrows are slender and upward, charming and domineering.

　

【Makeup disassembly】

STEP1: White makeup, using two-color concealer, to modify facial blemishes, less facial repair, and pay attention to the richness of the outline.

STEP2:

Use 002 dark brown to outline the outline of the moon-edged eyebrows. The eyebrows are slender and clear, curved and rising, and the lines are round.

STEP3:

Use 001 light apricot powder eye shadow as the base, then use blush 003 coral powder to smudge the eyes to the end of the eyes, and use 005 meat powder to decorate the eyes, brighten the eye makeup and increase the hierarchy of the eyes.

STEP4:

Blush 001 can be used to coagulate white, create facial highlights, and brighten the nose and the middle area of the face.

STEP5：

Dip blush 002 coral powder with blush brush and mix blush 003 acacia red, clean cheeks and make a natural transition to increase facial color.

STEP6：

Dip the lipstick tray 003# big red with a lip brush and mix it with 004 carmine, outline the butterfly lip shape and fill it.

　

　

　　Although nearly two months have passed, and even the Prime Minister has changed, the Pakistani side’s enthusiasm for the J -10 fighter aircraft imported from China has not passed. Pakistan’s think tank "PSF Intel Consortium”(PSF Intelligence Alliance) submitted a plan to the Pakistan Air Force at the end of May, hoping that Pakistan can purchase 90 more J -10CE fighters from China on the basis of having J -10CE fighters, and at least two squadrons of Chinese new generation stealth fighters, J -20 and J -35.

　　Why are Pakistani fighters so interested in China today? Let’s start with "Pakistan Day" on March 23rd this year. Fighters roared past, with the F-16 made in the United States in front and the J -10CE made in China in bring up the rear. The audience jumped for joy. This is the scene of the 82nd "Pakistan Day" military parade in Islamabad on March 23rd local time.

　　According to the standards of the United States or NATO, both the F-16 and the J -10 are considered as third-generation aircraft (unless otherwise specified, the following is the expression of jet fighter substitution according to NATO standards). This year’s "Pakistan Day", also known as the Pakistan National Day military parade, is not the first time that F-16 and J -10 appeared on the same stage to participate in the military parade. As early as March 23rd, 2019, the China People’s Liberation Army Bayi Air Show Team was invited to participate in the military parade. At that time, the superb performance of the China Air Force J -10 aircraft made the Pakistani side very envious. Although Pakistan had a famous American F-16 fighter at that time, at that time, Pakistan was suffering from this fighter.

　　At that time, JF-17 (FC-1 in Chinese, nicknamed "Xiaolong"), which China and Pakistan cooperated with, performed well. According to American standards, Xiaolong is at best a second-generation semi-fighter. For Pakistan, which wants to continue to supplement new fighters, how can we get a fighter that surpasses Xiaolong with reasonable price and excellent performance, and there are not many fighters that may be blackmailed? Pakistan turned its attention to China’s J -10 …

　　On March 11th, 2022, the Pakistan Air Force held the first pick-up ceremony of the J -10CE fighters. Pakistan thanked China for delivering the J -10CE fighter to Pakistan in a short period of time, and praised the excellent performance of the J -10CE fighter, which is another important symbol of all-weather friendship between China and Pakistan and will greatly boost the Pakistan Air Force’s leap-forward development.

　　For China, the export of J -10CE fighters to Pakistan is of indicative significance. This is the first time that China has exported third-generation aircraft equivalent to NATO standards. After Pakistan received the J -10CE, CCTV commented, "This indicates that China’s new generation of aviation main battle equipment has been officially installed in the Pakistan Air Force".

A symbol of China-Pakistan friendship

　　Pakistan attaches great importance to docking the first batch of J -10 fighters. On March 11th, not only then Prime Minister imran khan and Air Force Chief of Staff Babeur attended the pick-up ceremony, but also many senior officials from his cabinet and military, and all of them took a big photo with the six J -10CE delivered by China in the first batch.

　　What does the delivery of the J -10CE fighter mean to the relationship between China and Pakistan? Senior Colonel Wu Qian, Director of the Information Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense and spokesperson of the Ministry of National Defense, not only specifically mentioned that "China and Pakistan are all-weather strategic partners", but also used "true friends who share weal and woe" and "good brothers who share weal and woe" to interpret China-Pakistan relations. In China, there are many people who call Pakistan "Batie".

　　If it weren’t for the "iron" relationship between China and Pakistan, China’s first third-generation aircraft export, or Pakistan’s first introduction of third-generation aircraft from China, might not be so smooth. In fact, internationally, Pakistan is not the only country rumored to want to buy J -10 fighters. There are countries in South America and the Middle East that may buy J -10 fighters, or include J -10 fighters as candidates for purchase. But no country is an "all-weather strategic partner" with China like Pakistan. After signing the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation between People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 2005, China and Pakistan issued a joint statement in 2018, the main content of which is to strengthen the all-weather strategic partnership between China and Pakistan and build a closer community of destiny between China and Pakistan in the new era.

　　Compared with the relationship between China and Pakistan, for example, China and Russia are "comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership", which is indeed a relatively close diplomatic relationship, and this expression of "strategic cooperation" is only related to Russia among China’s diplomatic countries. However, from the beginning to the present, the fighter exchanges between China and Russia have all been transported by Soviet or Russian equipment to China, and there is almost no example of China’s "feedback". Looking back at history, the establishment of the China People’s Air Force, the equipment of the Air Force, from maintenance to production to design and manufacture, were originally related to the Soviet Union. For example, at the beginning of the founding of the People’s Air Force, China People’s Volunteer Air Force got the first batch of jet fighter equipment MIG -15, which came from the "big brother" of the Soviet Union. To the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations, China once had no channel to introduce advanced fighters. At the beginning of the reform and opening-up, China sought to cooperate with the United States and other NATO countries to upgrade its J -7 fighter. This classic fighter, born out of the Soviet MIG -21, was planned to cooperate with American companies for modernization in the 1980s. But it was not finished in the end. On the contrary, Pakistan, which introduced the F-16 from the United States in the late 1980s, also actively cooperated with China. Finally, based on the J -7, it started from the "Super-7" plan in 1988 until China and Pakistan jointly developed the "Xiaolong" fighter.

　　"Xiaolong" has become a model of China-Pakistan cooperation, and even in the later stage of its research and development, it attracted MIG from Russia. MIG Company produced the technical data of MIG -33 aircraft. Although MIG -33, a light fighter based on MIG -29, has not been finally formed, Xiaolong has absorbed some characteristics of MIG -33, especially adopted kerimov RD-93 turbofan engine. The avionics, radar and other systems of Xiaolong adopt the way of bidding competition, including some companies from France, Britain and Italy. The "Xiaolong" who eventually served in the Pakistan Air Force has experienced many practical tests. In June 2017, Xinhua News Agency reported that "Jilong" was tested in actual combat for the first time-"A JF-17 fighter jet of Pakistan Air Force shot down a drone that may be conducting reconnaissance mission in Balochistan province. This’ Jilong’ fighter launched a thunderbolt -5E(PL-5E) missile to shoot down the target. " According to a report in Pakistan’s Dawn newspaper at that time, the PL-5E missile is an improved model of the PL-5 series missile, which is the main fighting missile of JF-17 fighter because of its light weight. It is also the main self-defense air-to-air missile of the J -7 Flying Leopard of the People’s Liberation Army, and its performance is similar to that of the AIM-9M Sidewinder missile of the United States.

　　From the cooperation between China and Pakistan based on the J -7 fighter, we can see that behind the military-technical cooperation between China and Pakistan, there is a background of technical exchanges between China and Russia, as well as between Pakistan and the United States. There is also the background of technical exchange between China and the West in 1980s. These three paths of technology exchange background make Xiaolong have a lot of mature and advanced technology support under the condition that the main "bloodline" remains unchanged. The ability to integrate European, American, Russian and China technologies is also exercised by AVIC, the main designer and manufacturer of Xiaolong, and its Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group. On March 23rd, 2017, which was the "Pakistan Day" of that year, Yang Wei, the chief designer of the "Jilong" aircraft jointly developed by China and Pakistan, accepted the "Star of Excellence" awarded by then Pakistani President Mamnuth Hussein at the Presidential Palace in Islamabad. Yang Wei, who was appointed as the chief engineer of Xiaolong in 2001, later became the chief designer of the domestic fourth-generation fighter J -20. From the perspective of talents, Xiaolong, a Sino-Pakistan cooperation project, also plays an outstanding role.

　　After the basic model of "Xiaolong" jointly developed by China and Pakistan was finalized, Pakistan’s improved models were gradually derived-JF-17 "Thunderbolt", two-seat model and oil-receiving model. It is not difficult to see that Pakistan regards Xiaolong not only as a supplement to the F-16, but as its own half-son, hoping to build its own main fighter. At the Paris Air Show in 2015, Pakistani Air Force Brigadier Khalid Mahmoud, who was responsible for the export of JF-17 Thunderbolt, said that this fighter had the first potential buyer in Asia. It was later confirmed that this "potential buyer" was Myanmar. Outside Asia, there are many people who covet the "dragon", but so far, due to the strong opposition of some NATO countries, those who favor it can only look at the "dragon"

　　Of course, compared with Pakistan, which mainly deals with the Indian side, China in the 21st century can’t just rely on the various "magic change" of the J -7 to ensure its airspace security and safeguard its national sovereignty. As early as the early 1990s, after the normalization of Sino-Soviet relations, China once again hoped to introduce its fourth-generation fighter aircraft from the Soviet Union, that is, the third-generation aircraft of NATO standards. From the first inspection of MIG -29 in the spirit of "MIG feelings", to the real realization that the performance of Su -27 was better and more feared by NATO as far as the Soviet Union was concerned, China finally introduced Su -27. After that, China independently developed the J -10 fighter.

　　At that time, as early as 1982, when Song Wencong, the chief designer of the J -7C, attended the evaluation and demonstration meeting of the new fighter development scheme in Beijing, he proposed that China should develop a new aircraft with air combat capability and canard aerodynamic layout close to the capabilities of the third generation NATO aircraft. In 1986, the J -10 project was established, with Song Wencong as the chief designer. In 1994, the prototype of the J -10 began to be manufactured. On March 23rd, 1998, Lei Qiang, a test pilot of an air force test flight brigade in Chengdu, got into the J -10 cockpit. Looking back now, this legendary test pilot has flown Russian-made Su -27, Su -30, French Mirage 2000, American-made F-16, and domestic J -10, Xiaolong and K-8 trainers. At that time, his first flight to the J -10 was risky. After all, this is China’s first three-generation fighter, and it is also the first fighter in the history of China’s fighter development to completely get rid of the Soviet Union or Russian standard.

　　日后，雷强接受媒体采访时曾不无轻松又不无自豪地表示，歼-10比F-15、F-16性能都好。

　　对21世纪初的中国来说，歼-10是一款亟需的国土防空型先进装备。自2004年中国空军换装歼-10以后，其迅速替代歼-6、歼-7和中国于20世纪60年代迈入自主研发高空高速战机时代设计制造的歼-8。2005年，带有空中加油探头的歼-10在媒体亮相。2008年11月5日，在当时的第七届中国（珠海）航展上，歼-10惊艳出场，受到国际瞩目。其时，歼-10已经有了双座型号，航电系统也基本由国产研发。2019年10月1日，1架空警-2000预警机和8架歼-10飞机组成领队机梯队，飞临天安门广场上空接受检阅。歼-10飞机拉出七道绚丽的彩烟，庆祝新中国成立70周年。

　　From the basic model of the J -10, to the J -10A, J -10S and J -10B, and then to the J -10C which made its first flight in December 2013, the J -10 is constantly "evolving". In April 2018, the J -10C began to take on combat duty. At present, there are four generations of J -20 aircraft in China’s naval and air forces, and before that, it has been equipped with J -11 with two engines, J -16 and J -16 electronic warfare aircraft, which are relatively heavy compared with single-engine J -10, but J -10 itself is still an important equipment of the Air Force. From the delivery of the Xiaolong, which is not equipped by the Pakistani Air Force and the Navy itself, to the delivery of the third-generation fighter J -10, the main battle of the Pakistani Air Force, to Pakistan, it can be seen that the friendship between China and China continues to deepen …

What is the export prospect of the third generation aircraft?

　　China’s fighter exports did not start with the J -10. Since China had its own aviation industry in 1950s, it began to export aviation equipment. Statistics show that China has exported more than 1,300 fighter planes in the 70 years before 2021. At that time, when some countries could not get Soviet-made fighter planes quickly, they turned their attention to China, such as Viet Nam and Pakistan, which had introduced China’s J -6 and J -7 aircraft and put them into actual combat. Pakistan even put the American-made "Sidewinder" missile on the J -6 plane, and put it into the war against India, and achieved good results.

　　In 1979, China, which has been reforming and opening up, changed its thinking of military trade and established China Aviation Technology Import and Export Corporation. Four months after the company was founded, China exported the J -6 fighter to Egypt as pilot training equipment. By the 1980s, China had exported J -7 fighters to Iran and some Asian and African countries. There are about three reasons why the J -7 fighters sold well in those years. First, at that time, local wars in the world, such as the Iran-Iraq war, both sides suffered a lot of war losses, and it was urgent to supplement fighters that could operate quickly. The J -7 was born out of MIG -21, which was similar to the models equipped by some countries themselves, and the pilots could get started quickly; Secondly, after the 1980s, the Soviet MIG -21 and American F-5E fighters stopped production one after another, and no other country in the world was producing similar second-generation supersonic aircraft, so the J -7 became almost the only option for countries that needed such fighters. Thirdly, the J -7 made in China was cheap enough.

　　However, the golden window period for the export of China’s second-generation machines is particularly short. By the late 1980s, the United States began to sell the third-generation aircraft-the F-16. At that time, China began to advocate the J -8, which is known as the "handsome man in the air". However, there is a generation gap between the J -8 and the F-16, and no one cares about it for many years.

　　Looking back at this seemingly failed history, apart from the cost performance and other factors, unlike the J -7, which was almost completely born out of the MIG -21, the J -8 is a fighter independently developed by China on the basis of the MIG -21. Although it has not completely got rid of the characteristics of the Soviet fighter, it already has many China elements. For China, this is a phased product accumulated and upgraded by the aviation industry, which is worthy of recognition. However, for foreign troops, they don’t inherit the past, and they don’t know whether they are expected to open the future. Naturally, there is a lack of buyers.

　　"Xiaolong" is different. To a large extent, "Xiaolong" is a fighter plane based on the J -7 platform, jointly developed with Pakistan and tailored for the Pakistan Air Force. The Myanmar side saw that Pakistan’s use of cheap and good quality "Xiaolong" had a good effect and could not help but buy it. As far as Pakistan is concerned, it is a good thing to be able to participate in the independent research and development of a relatively advanced fighter. Although it introduced the American-made F-16, the United States threatened not to allow Pakistan to use the F-16 at some important moments, such as when it came to Pakistan’s diplomatic and military decision-making. Pakistan can only be bitter about this. Therefore, being able to buy the J -10CE from China is equivalent to getting rid of the dependence on American fighters gradually in the future.

　　Looking back at the military and trade cooperation between China and Pakistan, before the "Xiaolong", the military aircraft exported from China to Pakistan basically had the letter "P" in the model suffix, which is the English initials of Pakistan. Such as J -7P and J -7P. Now, also imported from China, the J -10 fighters received by the Pakistani army are not "J -10P" but J -10CE. Among them, "J -10C" shows that China took the last finalized product of J -10 as the basic model for export this time, instead of taking out early models such as J -10A and J -10B or even taking out second-hand fighters for export as in the United States. On the one hand, it can be seen that China trusts and supports Pakistani friends; On the other hand, it can be seen that China has confidence in its own updated military equipment such as J -16 and J -20. And the "e" of 歼 -10CE means "export type". It is not difficult to see more other meanings-for example, besides Pakistan, this J -10C will probably be sold to more countries.

　　As early as 2015, it was reported that Argentina wanted to import fighter planes from China. At that time, Argentina’s eyes turned to "Xiaolong" and J -10. Xu Yongling, a meritorious test pilot of the J -10 and an air force theorist, once analyzed that "the advantage of Xiaolong is its high cost performance, with a single machine costing more than 30 million dollars. However, after all, it originated from the J -7. Based on the future, Argentina is targeting the British army that deployed six Typhoon fighters in the Malvinas Islands. Even if Argentina purchases 14 Xiaolong fighters, it will not be enough. " Xu Yongling said, "What’s more, the British army may fly in typhoons and even E-3 early warning aircraft along the route of" mainland-Gibraltar Strait-Ascension Island-Falklands "at any time. From this point of view, at least enough 歼 -10B must be purchased to counter the’ typhoon’. "

　　Now, seven years later, China’s export-oriented J -10 has clearly been J -10CE. For Argentina, or many have a choice.

Who is maintaining peace and who is fanning the flames?

　　However, it must also be noted that after seven years, Argentina still hasn’t placed an order for China fighters, and the reason behind it is not only its vacillation in choosing Xiaolong or J -10. The main reason is that the United States has repeatedly obstructed it behind its back. The United States has repeatedly recommended second-hand fighters to Argentina. For example, in 2021, when it was discovered that Argentina was still negotiating military aircraft projects with China, the United States took out a number of second-hand F/A-18C/D fighters. Seeing that Argentina was indifferent, the United States suggested to Argentina that Argentina should buy a batch of second-hand F-16 fighters of the Danish Air Force.

　　As early as 1975, the United States signed a cooperation agreement with Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Norway to jointly produce 348 F-16 fighters, all of which will be equipped to the air forces of these four European countries. Denmark took the lead in ordering 77 F-16A/B fighters. By the mid-1990s, Denmark bought seven more fighters from the United States to make up for the losses caused by long-term use. In 1991, these four European member States decided to develop a fully upgraded fighter, and prepared to raise the F-16 to the standard of Block52 at that time. In terms of structure, they also strengthened some key parts through the aircraft structural integrity plan, so that they could reach the expected life of flying for 8,000 hours.

　　In November 2021, the Danish Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Purchasing announced at the same time that they would start selling second-hand F-16A/B MLU fighters in stock from the following year, and about 8 fighters could be provided in 2022. In doing so, Denmark has reduced its defense expenditure and disposed of some junk in this way. These F-16s sound like third-generation aircraft, but they are actually a group of "grandfather" aircraft with a remaining life of 5 to 10 years. If it is not properly maintained, a frame will quickly become a "flying coffin". Argentina has so far been afraid to place an order.

　　In fact, whether the United States is engaged in normal military trade or is using all kinds of American-made equipment to fan the flames, we only need to look at the situation on the battlefield in Ukraine to understand. After the war between Russia and Ukraine, the United States only provided Ukraine with shoulder-mounted individual anti-tank missiles such as Stinger. As for the fighters and tanks that Ukraine hopes to get, the United States itself will not give them. Of course, what Ukraine hopes to get is nothing more than its own Russian-made equipment such as MIG -29. The United States first instigated Poland, the Czech Republic and other Warsaw Pact countries to give their MiG -29 to Ukraine. What Poland has done is to propose to transfer its MiG -29 to the US military base in Ramsteijn, Germany, and let the United States hand it over to Ukraine, and then hope that the United States will provide American-made equipment such as F-16 to supplement it. What does America do? Play dumb and quit!

　　Does the United States really regard Ukraine and Poland as friends? Or is it used to fight against Russian chess pieces? From how to treat these MIG -29 fighters in Poland, we can see why. What about the military and trade cooperation between China and Pakistan? "China is willing to work with Pakistan to accelerate the construction of a closer community of destiny between China and Pakistan in the new era. The relationship between the two armies is the mainstay of China-Pakistan friendship, which has played an important role in the development of bilateral relations for a long time. The two sides have achieved fruitful cooperation in the fields of high-level exchange visits, joint performances and training, anti-epidemic cooperation, equipment technology and so on, constantly enriching the connotation of strategic cooperation between the two countries. In the next step, under the leadership of the leaders of the two countries, the Chinese and Pakistani armed forces will push pragmatic cooperation in various fields to a new level, inject new impetus into the all-weather strategic partnership between the two countries, and contribute new strength to maintaining regional peace and stability. " I believe what Wu Qian said at the regular press conference of the Ministry of National Defense, true peace-loving people all over the world can listen clearly and understand! (lead author Jiang Haofeng)

Link: jet fighter generation

　　Since the rise of jet fighters after World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union have become the top two fighters in design and manufacture. American-made F-86 and Soviet-made MIG -15 each took the lead. In the generation of military aircraft, these two fighters are regarded as the first generation of jet fighters. Since then: when the jet fighter equipped with missiles came out, the Soviet Union recognized it as the second generation fighter; Supersonic fighters equipped with missiles are third-generation fighters. The United States-led NATO has roughly classified subsonic and supersonic fighters that began to be equipped with missiles into the second generation. After that, NATO’s third-generation aircraft, such as F-15, F-16 and F-18, were equivalent to Russian standard fourth-generation aircraft, such as Su -27 and MiG -29. While the third-generation aircraft of the United States and the Soviet Union are competing in the world’s airspace, China’s fighter manufacturing still stays at the level of the second-generation aircraft. Until the first flight of the J -10 fighter in 1998.

writing| Qihai

　edit| Lin Lin

Reviewing excellent classic movies should not stop at simple nostalgia.

When I was a child, I watched Shangganling, and I was moved by the dedication of the volunteers in the film. When I became a filmmaker, watching Shangganling added another touch-moved by the professionalism of the film’s creators, who showed me what a real film artist is.

The film "Shangganling" about the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, which was filmed 65 years ago, was the main theme work in the early days of the founding of New China. This film describes how the volunteer army held on to the underground tunnel in the famous Battle of Shangganling. Most of the plots are the interior of the tunnel, the space is narrow, the performance is not easy to unfold, and the design of the scene, lens scheduling and lighting is also very difficult. The film has many contents and a long length, and the screening time is 124 minutes. Therefore, the film is prone to monotonous, dry, boring, procrastination and other ills. The production conditions at that time were far worse than today, and Shangganling was just an ordinary screen black-and-white film. It is extremely difficult to make this film well.

Some people will think that Shangganling can make do even if its artistry is not too high. At that time, just after the victory of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, Shangganling was the most popular major theme, which was strongly supported by the government and the patriotic enthusiasm of the people all over the country was unprecedented. With such a huge political advantage, even if "Shangganling" is a little rough in art, government departments and audiences will understand, and it will not affect the film’s winning and selling.

However, the creators of Shangganling did not rely on political advantages to relax their requirements for art. Artists’ instinct and sense of responsibility make them think that if they take a good theme, they should make it into a high-quality boutique, and they should not be overqualified to be worthy of the audience.

Where is the breakthrough of artistic innovation in Shangganling? The film’s creators believe that many domestic films are not good-looking, and one of the major reasons is that there are too few artistic expressions in these films, which are monotonous. Film is a comprehensive art, among many art categories, film has a unique advantage-it can be used by me by combining various artistic and technical means, and its expressive force is rich and colorful, which is better than literature and drama. It would be a pity if the film does not play this comprehensive advantage.

The creative collective of Shangganling, with the excellent film director Sha Meng as the core, has set a high pursuit goal: innovation in an all-round way. Regardless of the scriptwriter, director, performance, photography, fine arts, scenery setting, lighting, music, editing, fireworks and other departments, they must reach a sophisticated level and unite into a strong synergy. This elite team is as good as its word and fully up to standard. The audience watched this black-and-white film for more than two hours. They didn’t feel sleepy. Instead, the more they watched it, the more excited they were. They all said, It’s so beautiful!

Epic movies are also good to watch.

Shangganling is an epic style blockbuster reflecting major battles. At that time, the model films of this kind were Soviet World War II-themed films "Conquering Berlin" and "Battle of Stalingrad", both of which adopted a panoramic structure similar to documentaries, focusing on the big scenes, and the stories and characters were weak, which was a bit like a straightforward running account.

The director of Shangganling thinks that this mode is not in line with the appreciation habits of China audiences. People in China who have always loved novels and operas hope that the film should also have stories and characters. Therefore, Shangganling dares to break through the mode of Soviet war epic, which not only shows the fierce battle on the surface of Shangganling campaign, but also shows the dramatic scene. However, the whole drama is mainly based on dramatic structure, and the main length is to describe the fighting life of a small volunteer company sticking to the underground tunnel, which is conducive to concentrating pen and ink to weave stories and shape characters.

This war epic pays great attention to story and suspense, and sets up extremely sharp and complicated dramatic contradictions. First, external contradictions: this is a strange offensive and defensive war on the ground and underground. The enemy blocked the entrance of the tunnel, used poison gas, cut off water sources and logistics supplies, and the enemy was strong and we were weak. Can our army save the day? Second, internal contradictions: most of our officers and men are peasants with low education. How can we overcome psychological obstacles such as narrowness, fear of difficulties, anxiety and recklessness in the modern war? This makes the development of the war situation and the fate of the characters particularly exciting.

This war blockbuster pays attention to the relaxation rhythm, not only seeing the blood of the smoke, but also learning the techniques of comedy, youth film and lyric film, which is very vivid and beautiful.

Zhang Zhongfa, the company commander of the film "Meng Zhang Fei", is quite happy with the rough soldiers. He danced with joy when he won the battle, and when he made a mistake, he pretended to be a soldier and the old chief to make fun of him. However, he is careless and detailed, and he will cheat the enemy by playing tricks that are true and false. These descriptions are full of humor. There are many happy and lively life details in the tunnel. For example, the little soldier is not prepared to steal the walkie-talkie by the operator, and a group of big men are chasing the little squirrel in the tunnel like children, which is quite funny and fun.

The company that sticks to the tunnel is a male world. In order to avoid being made into a monotonous and boring "monk play", Shangganling has added a young female role-Wang Lan, a health worker. She is an intellectual youth in New China, whose appearance, temperament, language and action design are different from those of peasant soldiers, which highlights her youthful vigor, cultural flavor and romantic color (such as not forgetting to release the squirrel into nature after the war) and enhances the aesthetic feeling of this war film. There is a scene describing Wang Lan’s beautiful vision of "what to say when he meets Chairman Mao", which is especially characterized by girls’ love of fantasy and shyness. A stroke with more artistic beauty is a homesick song "My Motherland" sung by Wang Lan and sung by male soldiers. The soft lyrics of "A big river is wide in waves and the wind blows rice and flowers on both sides" are full of poetry and painting, which not only adjusts the relaxation rhythm of the film, but also helps to portray the emotional beauty of the characters, indicating that the volunteer soldiers are fighting for peace and are more touching and lovely.

In real life, there are no female soldiers in the company health workers on the front line of Shangganling. The fictional role of Wang Lan is innovative, but it is easy to be dismissed as "untrue". The director had a brainwave, and designed Wang Lan’s identity as a medic of the regimental health team, and went down to the tunnel company to check the epidemic prevention work. When the battle started and he couldn’t get out, he stayed in the tunnel to participate in the war, which was reasonable and credible and acceptable to the audience. It can be seen that artistic innovation cannot shrink back as soon as it encounters difficulties.

More than 60 years ago, there were many taboos in film creation. Shangganling dares to introduce youth films and lyric films for the first time in major revolutionary historical films, which is especially rare.

"Cinematization" of Epic Films

"Shangganling" has a strong visibility, and it is not only good in story and performance, but also attaches great importance to sound and painting modeling, montage editing and lens scheduling, which really makes it "vivid" and greatly enriches the expressive force of the film.

Most of the plot of the film is the interior-the narrow and dim tunnel. Because of the variety of the scene, shooting angle, props display, lens cutting, lens pushing and shaking, and the design of environmental light sources (clever use of oil lamps and incoming sunlight), the play in the tunnel will not be dull and boring.

However, the director still strives not to completely confine the lens to the tunnel. With the help of montage’s staggered flexibility of time and space, the interior and exterior scenes can be cross-adjusted and "jump out" from time to time. It is not difficult to design the battle scene outside the tunnel. The most amazing stroke of genius is that when the soldiers sang "My Motherland", with the fresh and beautiful female solo and vigorous male chorus singing, the camera "flew" out, flew thousands of miles away to the motherland, entered the sunny and vast world, and showed beautiful pictures of great rivers and mountains: the majestic Great Wall, the Jin Tao of the Yellow River, the beautiful scenery of the Three Gorges and the landscape of Guilin.

This combination of sound and picture similar to the scenery documentary (several decades earlier than MV) is not a mere formality, but the subjective imagination of the characters in the play, which is organically integrated with the feature film and has dramatic significance. In the early days of the founding of New China, most movie songs were solo or mixed chorus. The "female lead singer+male chorus" in Shangganling is also an innovation in the singing form of movie songs.

The short shot of Shangganling is well cut, and the long shot also has new tricks. For example, at the beginning of the film, the hand-to-hand combat on the surface position is shown, and the volunteer soldiers in the mountains and plains are fighting with enemy soldiers. The camera uses a long lens similar to a long scroll painting to continuously follow several groups of people wrestling at the same time, making the ordinary screen frame produce a wide screen visual impact!

The Huacai chapter, which can best reflect the comprehensive expressive force of film sound and painting, is a group of interior and exterior scenes of our army’s counterattack. Its light effect design, editing rhythm, character modeling, lens movement, music orchestration, etc., work together to create a film language that combines big splash ink with fine brushwork. However, see: the screen flashes ultra-short shots (each with only a few seconds), and the rhythm is extremely fast, especially the rocket trajectory that quickly cuts through the night sky, which has a strong sense of light and movement. Suddenly, the fast and strong rhythm of the music becomes soothing, and the fast and dynamic exterior scene is connected with the static sculpture of the interior: at the entrance of the tunnel, volunteer soldiers hold the battle flag and stare out of the cave, waiting for an attack. Because of the narrow passage, the team is a single line with one person next to another. The moving long lens slowly shakes the long queue, and the warriors are silent and look determined. The dawn outside the cave is projected on their faces, just like a statue of a heroic warrior, and the painting outside is changed from a magnificent symphony orchestra to lyrical. The rhythm of sound and painting in this group of shots, from fast to slow, dynamic to static, heavy to light, ups and downs, is not only rich in changes, but also quite sacred and solemn … 65 years ago, such a unique film language could be designed, and it was written by a genius!

The exquisite carving of Shangganling is also reflected in the careful design of some seemingly insignificant scenes. For example, the subtitle substrate of the credits, at that time, most revolutionary historical films only used a monochrome substrate such as a red cloth, with a symphony outside the painting; Explaining the historical background only uses subtitles and explanations similar to textbooks, which are relatively simple and blunt. The base of the cast of Shangganling is changed to art works-five paintings that reproduce the bloody battles of the volunteers, and there is a magnificent chorus outside the paintings. Explaining the background of the campaign without subtitles is a close-up of the pen-the 1952 "battle log" of the volunteer soldiers, and the narration is diary language. This makes the opening of the film more epic and artistic, and captures the audience at once.

In terms of "cinematography", until today, many domestic films have not yet passed the customs. In fact, many film directors are confused with stage directors or TV drama directors, relying entirely on storylines and actors’ performances, and do not know how to use the unique means of movies. Therefore, we should learn from Shangganling and make up lessons well.

Innovation courage and craftsman spirit

We don’t demand that every film has a comprehensive artistic expression. If a film has obvious advantages in one aspect, it is also a flower in the film industry, and it is considered successful. However, if the film can learn from others like Shangganling, it will have the most unique characteristics of the film itself.

Re-studying Shangganling, we can see that the innovative courage, meticulous craftsman spirit and versatile skill are all embodied in a creative team, which is a miracle in the history of new China movies and worth learning from any theme and type of movies.

Compared with Shangganling, the creators of some shoddy films should stop looking for various reasons to justify their incompetence, and they should not play the public relations means of "Kung Fu is beyond poetry" for fame.

The fighting spirit of Shangganling will last forever! The innovative spirit of Shangganling will last forever!

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　　In the dissemination and promotion of Chinese excellent traditional culture, the mass communication of ancient books is a difficult point. Ancient books are in traditional Chinese characters, classical Chinese and vertical editions, and there are no punctuation and sentence breaks. Most people don’t understand them, so stay away from them. The binding of ancient books is simple and plain, unlike other cultural relics with diverse forms and outstanding artistic characteristics, which attract people’s attention. Although ancient books contain the profound history, ideology and culture of the Chinese nation, most of them are only suitable for minority communication and mass communication at present, and there are not many successful examples of mass communication, which has become the difficulty of "living" in cultural heritage.

　　During the prime time on the first night of this year’s Lunar New Year’s Day, CCTV’s comprehensive channel launched the special program "Shangshu" of "China in Classics" to interpret the connotation of the ancient classic "Shangshu" with the help of stage drama and dialogue between ancient and modern times. Once the program was broadcast, it hit the hearts of hundreds of millions of TV viewers with its profound historical accumulation, innovative artistic techniques, perfect performance skills and shocking effect of ancient and modern crossing, and immediately aroused enthusiastic response throughout the country. Xu Wenguang, deputy director of CCTV’s comprehensive channel, described the public’s response to the film as "public opinion exploded". According to CCTV’s recent statistics, the online video broadcast volume of this program exceeded 140 million person-times, and the reading volume of related topics in Weibo exceeded 700 million, making it a phenomenal communication product. Netizens and the media have praised the program for "spreading cultural self-confidence" and "shocking people".

　　After the broadcast of China Shangshu in Classics, many viewers who didn’t know Shangshu said that they had a strong impulse to read this ancient classic handed down from pre-Qin. Mr. Qian Zongwu, president of the International Shangshu Society, said that Shangshu is not the same as other classics, such as Zhouyi, Shijing and Chunqiu. The latter three are well known and widely spread. However, Shangshu is relatively cold, and scholars and readers pay less attention to it. Through China in the Classics, people’s concern about Shangshu, the Chinese national classic, and their concern about its history and present situation are aroused, which surprises the collating researchers. It can be said that Shangshu has changed from the least mass communication to the most mass communication, and the most difficult ancient book Shangshu has taken the lead in living today, which is undoubtedly a great success in the dissemination of ancient books. The most eye-catching sentence in the TV audience’s comments is: "Let’s do it."

　　Why did China in Classics have such a shocking communication effect? I attribute the main reasons to four aspects:

　　Refine and highlight the thoughts with eternal value and modern significance in ancient culture.

　　Shangshu, a Chinese national classic, contains rich and profound ideological culture, ancient legends and historical stories. How to extract the essence of Shangshu in a 90-minute program and arouse the audience’s resonance is very difficult. According to the introduction of the program group, in order to shoot the special program "Shangshu" well, a lot of information work was done in advance. With the help of the China Institute of History and the National Library, more than 500 images and stories in Shangshu were found, and after repeated research and screening, the character Fusheng and two stories of Yugong and Pastoral Oath were finally extracted, so that the public could understand and taste it, and the excellent program played a direct role and shocked the audience.

　　What is a "classic" in this 90-minute special program? What is the Yuan Dian of the Chinese nation? Who handed down the Book of History? Why do you want to pass the Book of History? Where does the Chinese nation come from Where is the future going? What is the Chinese national spirit? The question is very impactful.

　　The special program "Shangshu" has two links: "experts’ comment on the topic" and "classic reading meeting". It seems that there are a lot of clues, but in fact, it is to point out and solve the topic by taking everyone to read, and repeatedly point out the most important words in "Yu Gong" and "Pastoral Oath" to maximize the theme extraction.

　　The narrative of Yugong focuses on Dayu’s flood control and the division of Kyushu, which shapes the image of Dayu, the ancient ancestor of the Chinese nation and tells the story of the Chinese nation’s indomitable struggle in the face of difficulties. The Grazing Oath portrays the heroic image of Zhou Wuwang, who eradicated the crime of tyranny and hanged the people, and reveals the importance of people’s hearts to the success or failure of the war. Together, the two stories highlight the idea that "the people are the foundation of the country, and the foundation is the foundation of the country", and also highlight the importance of Fu Sheng laying down his life to protect books, inheriting Shangshu and continuing the context. Rich and profound ideological connotations constantly impress the audience, make the audience full of harvest, and make the program have soul and flesh and blood.

　　Realize the innovative combination of stage art and TV art.

　　The times of Shangshu span more than two thousand years, so it is impossible to tell the story of Shangshu well without jumping and changing in time and space, but without the main line and relatively fixed expression. The production of the program adopts innovative artistic techniques: through a fixed drama stage, a main line of book inheritance, and an image of risking one’s life to protect books, it has realized the time crossing of four thousand years. Two thousand years above Fu Sheng tells the essence of Chinese national thought contained in two stories: Yu Gong and Mu Shi. Two thousand years under Fu Sheng, telling the hardships of book inheritance and future cultural self-confidence. Besides Fusheng, Sa Beining, a modern scholar, also went through the Fusheng era to appreciate the connotation and inheritance significance of Shangshu. The interaction between Fu Sheng and Sa Beining explains the inheritance and continuation of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation as the "root" and "soul" of the nation. The artistic expression is stable but not chaotic, specialized but not miscellaneous, and the effect is outstanding.

　　Dahong Ni plays Fu Sheng, which is the artistic soul of the program. Through his consummate acting skills, the touching story of Fusheng’s protection and inheritance of Shangshu was presented to everyone, which directly hit people’s hearts and tears, and made the protection and inheritance of ancient books have the propaganda effect of letting the world know, understand, participate and struggle. There is a scene in the program in which the centenarian Fu Sheng crossed over two thousand years later. Seeing that the children visiting the library can recite the original text of Yugong, while showing a gratified smile, they also show the sadness of experiencing great pain, which reminds us of the hardships of protecting and inheriting the ancient classic Shangshu. Therefore, China in Ancient Books can also impress the hearts of librarians, ancient book restorers and ancient book collectors. These people who have been guarding and inheriting the classics in their posts for a long time are modern "fu sheng". Their obscure work and persistence for many years have interpreted their own values through the image of Fu Sheng, which has been recognized and respected by the national audience. When everyone heard Dahong Ni, the actor of Fusheng, saying, "How can I not lay down my life to protect my book?", many people were filled with tears. Dahong Ni said that he played the role of Fusheng, "with painstaking efforts, to play cleanly". It is this unremitting pursuit of the spirit of protection and inheritance of Chinese cultural classics that makes Fu Sheng on the stage connect with many "Fu Sheng" in real life.

　　Making programs on the basis of profound cultural accumulation and scholarship.

　　The fate of Shangshu in the long history is consistent with the fate of the country in dealing with chaos. It is a typical example of the inheritance, dispersion, protection and restoration of ancient books. It is also a magnificent cultural history and academic history in which scholars of past dynasties are eager to find the roots and souls of the nation, eager to restore ancient books, and insist on the scientific spirit of distinguishing between the false and preserving the true. It has a profound cultural accumulation and academic foundation.

　　Shangshu has been repeatedly killed by fire and water in history. After the Qin fire, it was handed down to later generations by fu sheng’s offering of books (this article "Shangshu") and Lu bi’s excavation (the ancient prose "Shangshu"), as well as various Confucian explanations. There were various lawsuits in the Han Dynasty about the ancient prose "Shangshu". As a result, both the ancient prose and the modern prose were lost in the Wei and Jin wars at the end of the Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the ancient prose Shangshu, a pseudo-Confucius biography, appeared, with 25 articles for no reason, but it was highly praised by the ruling and opposition parties. After being annotated by later scholars, it was handed down as an official version. It has been about a thousand years since Fusheng handed down books. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Wu Kun and Zhu Xi began to suspect that this book was forged. It was not until Zhu Xi’s disciple Cai Shen wrote the Biography of Book Collection that the work of distinguishing forgeries was initiated. It was not until Yan Ruoqu wrote the Shuzheng of Shangshu Ancient Literature in the Qing Dynasty that the other 25 forgeries were regarded as real theories. The work of distinguishing fakes has gone through about a thousand years, which shows the difficulty of inheriting ancient books. In the Han Dynasty, Shangshu, which was established by scholars and promoted by the state, was so fated, and the inheritance of ancient books among the people can be imagined. At present, the six batches of National List of Precious Ancient Books issued by the State Council have included 26 kinds of the most important handed-down versions of Shangshu. There are also many important documents reflecting the inheritance history of Shangshu in the editions and research works of Shangshu collected by the National Library. Here are a few examples:

　　The earliest remains of Shangshu in the collection are the stone classics carved from the fourth year of Xiping (175) to the sixth year of Guanghe (183) in the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were various lawsuits about Shangshu in modern and ancient Chinese, and Shangshu in modern Chinese handed down by Fusheng was also divided into three schools: Ouyang He, Da Xia Hou and Xiao Xia Hou. Scholars are unable to agree. During the Xiping period, Cai Yong, a scholar, suggested that the standard text be engraved on stone tablets, and seven Confucian classics, such as Shangshu and Zhouyi, with a total of 64 stones, were written in official script on the front and back, standing in front of the lecture hall of Luoyang Imperial College in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Among them, Shangshu is mainly based on Jinwen Ouyang Shangshu, and the school is based on the big and small Xiahou editions. After the inscription of Xiping Stone Scripture, scholars and Confucian scholars came to copy it, and the traffic was blocked, which was unprecedented. However, less than ten years after Xiping’s stone sutra was carved, Dong Zhuo’s rebellion occurred, and the stone sutra was not spared and was destroyed by the war. Since the Song Dynasty, Xiping Stone has occasionally been unearthed from the remnant stone. There are 13 words in the remnant stone collected by Guotu, and the content is a part of Yaodian of Shangshu.

　　After the wars in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, Shangshu, a modern and ancient prose, was lost. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, Shi Mei-ruo in Yuzhang presented the ancient prose Shangshu to the imperial court, scattered Kong Anguo’s preface at the top of each article, divided the ancient prose Shangshu into 33 articles, collected the lost articles of Shangshu in the pre-Qin period, and added his own sentences, thus forging 25 articles, totaling 58 articles. Because of the coexistence of authenticity and taking advantage of academic disputes, it was quickly praised by the ruling and opposition parties, and spread to the whole country from the end of the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, becoming a popular book of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, a stone sutra was carved in Chang ‘an during his adult life, which has been passed down to the present. At present, there are as many as 49 surviving manuscripts of Dunhuang suicide note Shangshu in the world, all of which are pseudo-Confucius ancient prose Shangshu. Among them, the collection of a piece of Tang Dynasty manuscript Shangshu was very broken when it entered the museum, which was likened to "a mess" by restorers. However, with the joint efforts of literature experts and restorers, the mess was restored into a roll. This volume of Shangshu is written in capital letters, and the text is in big characters. The content is the second half of the first volume of Shangshu, Yaodian and Shundian. Note the double-line fine print, that is, "biography of Confucius". The Book of History preserved in Dunhuang’s suicide note reflects the establishment of schools and the study of Confucian classics in Dunhuang in the Tang Dynasty, and all the books used are consistent with those used in Chang ‘an, which is an example of the spread of Confucian culture on the Silk Road, and also shows the wide spread of Shangshu, a pseudo-Confucius ancient prose, as the original book of Shangshu promoted in the Tang Dynasty.

　　Twenty volumes of Justice of Shangshu, an eight-line edition carved by Tea Salt Division in East Zhejiang Road in the Song Dynasty, was one of the Five Classics Justice compiled by Kong Yingda and others in the Tang Dynasty at the order of Emperor Taizong, which naturally attracted great attention from researchers. For the first time, this book combines the classics, notes and sparseness of the previous single biography into one, which is convenient for people to read. Shangshu Zhengyi was originally called Shangshu Yishu, based on Shangshu, an ancient prose written by pseudo-Confucius, and focused on the old prose written by Liu Xuan and Liu Zhuo of Sui Dynasty. "Er Liu" were all representative figures who spared no effort to popularize Shangshu, so Shangshu Yishu was criticized and revised continuously after its publication, and went to Tang Gaozong Yonghui for four years (650). Since then, the new classic and formal explanation of Shangshu is only Shangshu Justice. The imperial examination "Ming Jing Ke" must follow "Shang Shu Zheng Yi". In the Song Dynasty, imperial academy followed the traditional professor of the Tang Dynasty, Shangshu Zhengyi, and extended it with the help of woodblock printing in the tea and salt department of the East Zhejiang Road, which further confirmed its authoritative value. However, the eight-line version was lost in China and circulated in Japan, one of which was bought back from Japan by Yang Shoujing at the end of the Qing Dynasty and is now a national map; The other is hidden in Ashikaga School in Japan. In the fourth year of Honghua in Japan (1847), Kumamoto Fanshi Museum took this as its background. In 2018, Hosokawa Morihiro, a former Japanese prime minister, descendant of Kumamoto’s vassal and chairman of Yongqing Library, donated 4175 volumes of 36 Chinese books to Guotu, including this eight-line photocopy of Shangshu Justice. These two "Shangshu" have made a story of Sino-Japanese cultural friendship.

　　Twenty volumes of Annotations on Shangshu with Annotations on Annotations on Annotations on Shangshu with Annotations on Annotations on Annotations on Shangshu with Annotations on Annotations on Classic Annotations were added on the basis of Kong Yingda’s Justice on Shangshu. Classic Interpretation is the work of Lu Deming, a famous scholar from the late Southern and Northern Dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty, which has great influence. At that time, Zheng Xuan noted that Shangshu was alive, but Lu Deming chose Shangshu, a pseudo-Confucius ancient prose, as the base book, which raised the status of Shangshu, a pseudo-Confucius ancient prose. However, Lu Deming still kept the ancient notes of Zheng Xuan, Ma Rong, Wang Su and others in the 33 sounds and meanings published before Shangshu, which makes us know something about the original texts of these three notes, which is very rare.

　　In the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, Wu Kun, a scholar, had suspected that there was a significant difference in style between the first 33 articles and the last 25 articles of Shangshu, a pseudo-Confucius biography. Zhu Xi, a great scholar, was very much in favor of Wu Shuo, and felt that many items in Shangshu, an ancient prose handed down from ancient times by pseudo-Confucius, were suspicious. Cai Shen, his protege, was instructed by his teacher to write Biography of Book Collections, with concise notes and points out what are the later scriptures, which is of great warning significance. The first printed edition of this book is the six-volume biography of Zhu Wengong’s revised master Cai Jiufeng’s book collection and one volume of the book biography question and answer, which was collected by the national map in the tenth year of Song Chun (1250). Cai Shen’s Book Collection Biography had a great influence on later generations. Yuan Renzong was a scholar, and this book was used as the standard for the imperial examinations in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

　　After Wu Kun, the work of identifying forgeries lasted for thousands of years. In Yuan Dynasty, Wu Cheng wrote Shu Bian Yan, and put the preface of Kong Chuan after the whole book to clarify his doubts. In the Ming Dynasty, Mei Li collected ancient books in the Book of Shangshu and Textual Research on Shangshu to prove that fake ancient prose and Confucius biography were fakes. By the time of Yan Ruoqu in Qing Dynasty, the true face of Shangshu, an ancient prose written by pseudo-Confucius, had been completely uncovered. In Yan Ruoqu’s Nine Volumes of Shu Zheng on Ancient Books of Shangshu, 128 pieces of forged evidence were listed, which proved that 25 pieces of Confucius’ ancient book Shangshu and Confucius’ biography were all forged books. At this point, 25 essays published by the pseudo-Confucius after the biography of the ancient prose Shangshu became a final conclusion in academic history, and Shuzheng of Shangshu’s ancient prose also became a famous work of reversing the verdict.

　　In the voice of discriminating falsehood, scholars in Qing Dynasty, such as Sun Zhili, Kong Guangsen, Lu Jianzeng and Chen Shouqi, all tried to restore the original appearance of Fu Sheng’s interpretation of Shangshu, and excavated and compiled many lost articles from ancient books and compiled them into books. For example, the collection of Sikuquanshu in Wenjinge copied the biography of Shangshu, which was explained by Fu Sheng, and his disciples Zhang Sheng and Ouyang Sheng recorded it and made a meaningful arrangement and excavation of Shangshu.

　　Shangshu has also spread to overseas countries such as Japan, South Korea, Europe and America. There are many famous scholars and achievements at home and abroad who study the annotation Shangshu. The latest interpretation of Shangshu is one of the 100 Classics of Chinese Traditional Culture interpreted by Mr. Qian Zongwu, President of the International Shangshu Society, and published by the National Library Press. The content includes the introduction, original works, notes, comments and other parts, which are very convenient for readers to read. The introduction outlines the whole picture and spread history of Shangshu, and concentrates the latest research results of Shangshu.

　　China Shangshu in Classics was strongly supported by the China Institute of History and the National Library. It is with fertile cultural soil and solid academic foundation that we can tap the latest achievements of academic research, constantly correct knowledge and academic deviations, and achieve blockbuster results.

History of 100 Classics of Chinese Traditional Culture

Editor-in-Chief Yuan Xingpei; Interpretation of Qian Zongwu

　　China Shangshu in Ancient Books has achieved success in the mass communication of ancient books and taken a solid step. However, there are still some regrets, such as the failure to apply the new achievement of archaeological discovery, Tsinghua bamboo slips, to the program. As Zhou Wenwang’s will to Zhou Wuwang, Bao Xun has a natural connection with the Pastoral Oath in the program. When Fusheng crosses into the modern library, if he sees that Bao Xun, besides his book, is still alive, how much emotion will he arouse! It will also have more confidence in future inheritance. "China Shangshu in Classics" also didn’t pull the camera off the field to see the real modern library — — The National Library, if Fusheng is allowed to pass through the Xiping Shijing, Dunhuang suicide note, rare books in Song and Yuan Dynasties and rare books in Ming and Qing Dynasties, will stimulate more enthusiasm of the audience.

Tsinghua bamboo slips "Bao Xun"

　　It is an urgent need for the general public to understand the cultural ideas contained in ancient books.

　　The strong social influence caused by China Shangshu in Classics is also an important manifestation of Chinese cultural self-confidence, a manifestation of people’s more expectations for the origin of Chinese civilization and the excavation of the culture in Classics, and a fundamental need of the great rejuvenation era of the Chinese nation. Strengthening the protection, collation, research and utilization of ancient books and documents has a long way to go, which requires all ancient book workers to redouble their efforts and the interactive participation of the media and the public. Professor An Pingqiu of Peking University once compared the national ancient books work to a big river: the upstream is the protection and disclosure of ancient books by ancient books collection units; The middle reaches are the collation and research of ancient books in scientific research institutes of colleges and universities; Downstream is the publishing and digitization of ancient books. This big river will also flow into the sea, that is, all Chinese descendants will protect, inherit, explain, promote and innovate Chinese excellent traditional cultural classics, and through artistic innovation and media communication, the beneficial components in ancient books will be accelerated to form an important part of advanced culture in the new era, which will stir people’s hearts and affect the future.

　　In this regard, the National Library (National Ancient Books Protection Center, National Ancient Books Museum) shoulders the historical responsibility. The National Library has collected more than 3 million rare ancient books, and is making every effort to promote the "Chinese ancient books protection plan" in the national ancient books collection units. Guotu has been deeply involved in "China in Classics", providing expert consultation and literature resources, and forging this program into a cultural masterpiece of the new era with CCTV, National Theatre, China Historical Research Institute and other units. Once "China in Classics" enters the national map, let the audience see the national treasure and see the contemporary "hidden life" — — Librarians’ guarding of classics is believed to convey more cultural confidence to the audience. The powerful launch of China in Classics also makes us believe that the protection, collation, research and utilization of our ancient books are not alone. With the planning and deployment of the CPC Central Committee and the full participation and enthusiastic support of the people, the contemporary "Fu Sheng" cause will surely have a bright future.

　　Author | Zhang Zhiqing, deputy director of the National Library and deputy director of the National Ancient Books Protection Center

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　　● In July, 4,597 cases of mental problems violating the eight central regulations were investigated and dealt with nationwide, with 6,407 people.

　　● The Civil Aviation Administration is revising the relevant rules to allow airlines to decide whether or not to provide meal service.

　　According to the report released by China Internet Network Information Center, the Internet penetration rate in China has exceeded 60%.

　　● The Ministry of Transport said recently that it will speed up the improvement of the dynamic adjustment mechanism of cruise taxi fares.

　　● The Ministry of Ecology and Environment reported on August 31 that the national air quality will be excellent in the first half of September, and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding areas and the central and northern parts of the Yangtze River Delta region will be dominated by good to light pollution.

　　● Hangzhou Airport opened the electronic temporary flight certificate on September 1, and the code can pass the security check.

　　● Zhao Xianghong, former deputy director of the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of Wulanchabu City, Inner Mongolia, was convicted of corruption and bribery and was sentenced to 12 years in prison.

　　[Expo]

　　● British Prime Minister Johnson proposed to extend the parliamentary recess until mid-October, which triggered protests from parliamentarians and the public.

　　● The relevant departments of South Korea made a decision to "recover 26 US military bases in South Korea as soon as possible, including Longshan base" in an attempt to put pressure on the US government.

　　● The trial proceedings of the five planners of the "9.11" incident will start on January 11, 2021, when these criminals will or will face the death penalty.

　　● On the evening of August 30, local time, a shooting incident occurred in a stadium in Mobile, Alabama, USA, causing 10 teenagers to be injured and 5 seriously injured.

　　● According to the World Health Organization, the Amazon rainforest fire is likely to cause health problems, including respiratory diseases, and threaten people’s health.

　　Recently, an Iranian launch vehicle that was about to be launched exploded on the launch pad, and this rocket was originally scheduled to put a satellite into orbit.

　　● Security will be strengthened before the Tokyo Olympic Games, and passengers will need to make an appointment to take the Shinkansen with big luggage.

　　[hundred States]

　　● The Public Security Bureau of Yantai City, Shandong Province recently successfully destroyed a large telecom fraud gang, arrested 138 suspects and stopped paying more than 10 million yuan in frozen funds.

　　● Yulin, Shaanxi Province reported the incident that "the deputy director took Audi to break into the venue", and Zhang Hongxue, deputy director of Dingbian County People’s Social Security Bureau, was severely punished by the party and transferred from the human resources and social security system.

　　● A bird lover in Guizhou illegally hunted 13 wild birds and was sentenced to five years and seven months in prison.

　　● A few days ago, a 19-year-old online red man from Jiangsu broadcasted fishing in the early morning and accidentally drowned while casting a net.

　　● Two policemen in Xixian New Area, Shaanxi Province apologized and were suspended for their simple and rude behavior in law enforcement.

　　● Ne Zha surpassed The Wandering Earth and rose to the second place in the box office list of China film history, and topped the box office champion in 2019! ?

　　● On August 31st, Zhu Zhengshi, who lives in Yunhua Community, Shengli Town, Shuangliu District, Chengdu, celebrated his 119th birthday, and now he has lived under one roof for six generations.

　　● The national football team announced the list of 26 people in the second phase of training. Compared with the initial list of 35 people, the screened list has more gold content and clearer information.

　　Visual sense

　　● On August 31st, the Kuaizhou-1A rocket successfully launched "one arrow and two stars", and accurately put the microgravity technology experimental satellite and Xiaoxiang-1 07 satellite into the scheduled orbit.

　　● A few days ago, over flower city square, Guangzhou, a formation of drones spelled out the "70" pattern. The formation of 999 drones cooperated with the light show to transform different patterns and characters such as the five-star red flag and the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge.

　　● A Buddha exhibition was held in drepung monastery, Lhasa, Tibet (i.e., the giant Dambafo Thangka was displayed), and many believers and tourists went to drepung monastery to worship Buddha, thus the annual "Snowdon Festival" in Lhasa began.

　　[sound]

　　● "Don’t lock cultural relics in the warehouse, but let these cultural heritages return to people’s lives. When people feel the charm of these cultural heritages in their lives, people will spontaneously protect cultural heritages and cultural heritages will have dignity."

　　— — During the third Confucius Institute Sinology Book Fair, Dan Jixiang gave a keynote speech.

　　[face]

　　● Recently, the mobile detachment of Fujian Armed Police Corps held a meeting to announce the retirement order and a farewell ceremony to the military flag. More than 300 soldiers retired from active service after their service expired.

　　● Recently, Van Dyke won the best player in Europe over Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi, becoming the first defensive player in history and the first Premier League player to win the award.

　　See you at 8 o’clock tomorrow!

　　CCTV News:The State Council Press Office held a press conference on the 18th, inviting Lian Weiliang, deputy director of the Development and Reform Commission, Liu Xiaoming, deputy director of the Ministry of Transport, Li Jiangping, head of the Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security, Su Jie, director and spokesperson of the Comprehensive Coordination Department of Work Safety of the Emergency Management Department, Yan Hexiang, chief engineer and spokesperson of the State Railway Administration, Dong Zhiyi, deputy director of the Civil Aviation Administration of China, and Li Wenxin, deputy general manager of the Railway Corporation, to introduce the situation and work arrangements in Spring Festival travel rush in 2019, and answer questions from reporters.

　　A reporter asked: The pre-holiday tension and the pre-holiday passenger flow pressure are very great. Every year, Spring Festival travel rush is a big exam for all departments. What big moves will we put in this year’s big exam? What are the innovative measures? Can let passengers feel the change directly on their way home, so that everyone can go home for the New Year smoothly, thank you.

　　Lian Weiliang introduced that the passenger flow pressure in Spring Festival travel rush this year is very high, and one of the important reasons is that the passenger flow of workers and students overlap with each other. In order to solve this problem, all relevant departments have taken many innovative measures. In short, it is four words: increase, divide, unite and optimize. Increasing means increasing transport capacity, dividing means dispersing passenger flow, combining means intermodal linkage, and optimizing service.

　　The first is to increase the capacity. This year, the total passenger capacity of Spring Festival travel rush Railway has increased by more than 5%, of which the high-speed train sets have increased by more than 17%, and passenger trains have been added in key directions and important periods. Just now, Mr. Li introduced that there are more than 100 pairs of night trains. There is also civil aviation, and the frequency is expected to increase by 10%. Pilot projects to extend the operation time and increase the supply of transportation capacity will be carried out at ten hub airports such as Shanghai Pudong, Guangzhou and Shenzhen.

　　The second is to disperse passenger flow. There are 180 million migrant workers in China, and there are nearly 30 million students in colleges and universities. Our local trade unions have concentrated on providing targeted services for migrant workers, actively coordinating employers to scientifically arrange holidays and start work, and trying to avoid the peak in Spring Festival travel rush. In recent years, it has become a common practice for our colleges and universities to have a peak holiday. Taking Beijing as an example, 900,000 students in major universities have a holiday in an orderly manner for three weeks from January 7 to January 27, effectively dispersing the flow of students.

　　The third is intermodal linkage. To strengthen the connection between different modes of transport, Beijing, Guangzhou, Chengdu and other places have opened "reserved buses", and some cities have established "off-site terminals" to provide intermodal services between different modes of transport, so as to smooth the first and last mile of passenger travel. To strengthen the effective connection between intercity traffic and urban traffic, Beijing South Railway Station, tianjin railway station, etc. have realized joint safety inspection between stations and subways, and 50 railway stations across the country have realized inter-station transfer, which has facilitated passengers’ travel to the maximum extent.

　　The fourth is to optimize services. Just now, the railway department has introduced some new functions for online ticket sales, such as scanning code login, "brushing face" verification, alternate ticket purchase, etc., and realized self-checking of second-generation ID cards in qualified railway stations. Civil aviation promotes "paperless" travel at major airports across the country. Trade unions at all levels carried out "Warm Current Action" to provide convenient services for returning migrant workers, while the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League carried out "Warm Winter Action" and organized 230,000 volunteers to serve Spring Festival travel rush in 23,000 posts. Through the implementation of such measures, we will do our best to create good conditions for passengers to travel safely and smoothly.

　　Liu Xiaoming said that as early as September and October last year, the Ministry of Transport, together with relevant departments, the State Railway Administration, the Civil Aviation Administration of China and the China Railway Corporation, made arrangements for related work, giving full play to the comparative advantages of various modes, and at the same time, strengthening the effective connection between various modes of transportation, so that people can go home more smoothly. We have mainly adopted the measures of "four guarantees" to make the work in Spring Festival travel rush safer and the service level and quality higher.

　　The first is to ensure safety. We continued to carry out seven special safety actions, such as civilized driving of van drivers and safety protection of roads and bridges. Together with the emergency management department and other departments, we organized eight Spring Festival travel rush safety and service inspection teams to carry out unannounced inspections and supervision, and arranged 14 key provinces to carry out cross-inspection of safety and services, focusing on "two passengers and one danger" vehicles, rural passenger transport, key bridges, passenger hubs, rail transit, ground transportation, water terminals, rural ferries and "six districts and one line".

　　The second is to ensure capacity. Just now, even the director has introduced the situation of airport and railway capacity guarantee. The transportation department has deeply tapped the transportation potential and organized all localities to put more than 810,000 buses into operation, with nearly 21 million seats; There are about 20,000 passenger ships with about 1 million seats, and the supply of transport capacity is sufficient.

　　The third is to ensure convergence. Give full play to the advantages of big transportation and big service, and sort out and summarize the information of 307 pairs of passenger trains in Spring Festival travel rush, 105.5 pairs of temporary emus at night, more than 100,000 night flights, and more than 90 night passenger shifts on waterways in key waters, so as to guide local cities to do a good job in capacity docking by means of public transport, rail transit, taxis, etc., and to do a good job in the last mile connection, so as to ensure that passengers can sit when they get off the plane, the railway and the boat.

　　The fourth is to ensure smooth flow. Strengthen the monitoring of highway network operation, timely release the real-time traffic situation of important channels and key nodes, and guide passengers to travel in peak hours. We predict that the traffic volume of road network may increase by 6% during Spring Festival travel rush in 2019 & mdash; 7%, the expressway export flow will increase by 9%-10%, about 1.18 billion trips. We will strengthen business cooperation with the public security department, do a good job in prior consultation and joint logistics linkage of traffic control, strengthen the traffic management of toll stations, improve the efficiency of vehicle traffic, and ensure that large-scale congestion does not occur.

　　Spring Festival travel rush is the peak period with the most concentrated passenger flow in a year. Here I also give you two tips: First, we should always pay attention to the travel information and the operation of the road network, travel at the wrong peak and travel in a civilized way. Second, we must refuse illegal operations, stay away from danger, and ensure that the road to reunion is safe and smooth.

　　Dong Zhiyi said that this year, civil aviation in Spring Festival travel rush is expected to transport 73 million passengers, up 12% year-on-year, the highest growth rate in the past five years. In order to ensure the smooth travel of the vast number of passengers, we are prepared to take three favorable measures:

　　First, airlines arrange more overtime. During the period of Spring Festival travel rush, it is estimated that the number of overtime flights will reach more than 35,000, including 34,000 for airlines, 29,000 for domestic routes, 1,400 for Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan routes and 3,000 for international routes. We will also constantly adjust the temporary operating flights according to airline demand and market demand.

　　Second, arrange more flights at the airport. In order to meet the needs of large-flow and high-density flight operation during Spring Festival travel rush, the time capacity of each airport is temporarily adjusted, and 5% more time can be arranged at busy airports than usual; Other airports can increase the total volume of Spring Festival travel rush by 30% compared with last year, or add four more flights per hour than usual.

　　Third, arrange some hot cities to run all night. This is also a new feature for us this year. Ten large airports, including Pudong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu, Kunming, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Xi ‘an, Urumqi and Sanya, arrange a certain number of flights from 1 am to 6 am throughout Spring Festival travel rush for 40 days to cope with the possible peak passenger travel and relieve the previous passenger detention and congestion. This is a new measure introduced by Spring Festival travel rush this year.

　　By taking these measures, it is estimated that the daily average number of civil aviation flights will reach about 15,600 during the period of Spring Festival travel rush this year. In other words, we have 15,600 planes flying in the sky every day, and the number of seats we can provide every day exceeds 2.25 million. We can transport 90 million passengers in these 40 days, and we think it can fully meet the market demand. At the same time, we will pay close attention to the structural contradiction between supply and demand in some special periods in some areas and take timely control measures. At the same time, we also suggest that the majority of passengers arrange their travel plans as soon as possible, pay close attention to relevant developments and try their best to travel at the wrong peak.

　　Li Wenxin said that before the holiday, the national railways are expected to send 143.8 million passengers, up 8.9% year-on-year, with a daily average of 9.59 million passengers. We take three main measures:

　　First, scientifically arrange pre-holiday transportation capacity. Director Lian has already introduced the transportation capacity. Before the railway festival, the average daily seating capacity reached 9.42 million seats, an increase of 480,000 seats year-on-year, which basically met the daily average demand of 9.59 million passengers.

　　Second, it is convenient for passengers to purchase tickets. A series of measures have been taken to make it convenient for passengers to buy tickets and for everyone to get tickets, as I have already introduced. Today happens to be the pre-sale of tickets for the twelfth day of the first month. Up to today, the peak of pre-sale tickets has passed smoothly. As of yesterday, the ticket sales in Spring Festival travel rush increased by 7.8% year-on-year. In the process of ticket collection, we should intensify publicity, remind passengers to arrive at the station in advance to collect tickets, reserve enough time, strengthen the guidance of ticket collection at the station, and implement "separation of sale and withdrawal" and "separation of sale and withdrawal" to improve the efficiency of ticket collection.

　　Third, it is convenient for passengers to travel by car. Focusing on the needs of the whole process of passenger travel, targeted improvement and optimization. First, information services have long been known. Increase the push of information such as the situation of being late, grouping and seat changes, so that passengers can grasp the information as soon as possible and arrange their trips reasonably. The second is intelligent service to improve the efficiency of entering and leaving the station. Self-service check-in channels have been added. In 2019, there were 300 stations and 3,000 channels in Spring Festival travel rush, which doubled compared with the same period of last year and tripled the number of channels. At 700 EMU stops, self-service ticket checking with second-generation ID cards was implemented, and there was no need to collect tickets, which more than doubled year-on-year. The third is to expand the number of convenient transfer stations. The number of convenient transfers in the station reached 50, an increase of 11. The fourth is to promote mutual recognition of security inspections between railway stations and subway stations and reduce repeated security inspections. The fifth is to promote shared cars and get through the last mile. In 18 stations including Beijing South Railway Station, Nanjing South Railway Station and Guangzhou South Railway Station, high-speed rail and shared car service are provided to get through the last mile of travel.　

At 3 o’clock on the afternoon of September 30, Yangbei Bayou, the mobile brigade of the traffic police detachment of Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, received an alarm from the masses, saying that a two-car rear-end collision occurred about 1 km south of the Bayou. After receiving the alarm, Li Qiangeng, a policeman on duty, immediately led several auxiliary police officers to the scene to carry out pre-disposal. At that time, the injured fell to the ground, and their consciousness was in a confused state. They quickly found umbrellas from the surrounding area and found pillows to put on their heads. In the nearly 20 minutes of waiting for 120 ambulances, Li Qiangeng always covered his umbrella on the head of the injured person who fell to the ground, regardless of his whole body clothes getting wet by the rain, while comforting the injured person with the injured person not to worry and waiting patiently for the ambulance to arrive.

The identity and labor of cleaners win the respect and recognition of tourists, and the situation of hurting the weak gains the understanding and help of passers-by. A small umbrella opens up a piece of empathy; The small space under the umbrella shares the civilization and human feelings of modern society. Autumn rain is cold and people are warm. Thank you for your umbrellas in the rain!

　　Pregnancy and childbirth are normal physiological processes of human reproduction, and most women can naturally give birth to healthy babies. Cesarean section is an important means to solve dystocia, deal with serious pregnancy complications and save the lives of mother and baby.

　　In recent years, with the development of perinatal medicine, the conditions of operation, anesthesia technology and drug treatment have been gradually improved, and the safety of cesarean section has been continuously improved. At the same time, the cesarean section rate has been increasing all over the world.

　　Twenty-one medical institutions were randomly selected from Beijing, Yunnan and Zhejiang to participate in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Survey on Pregnancy and Perinatal Care (2007-2008), and the survey results were published in The Lancet magazine in February 2010.

　　The average cesarean section rate in the three continents (Asia, Latin America and Africa) participating in this survey is 25.7%, of which Asia is 27.3%, while China is 46.5%, ranking first among the 24 countries participating in the survey.

　　The report also pointed out that in China, the cesarean section rate with non-medical indications accounts for 11.7% of all cesarean sections, ranking first among the sampling countries; In Viet Nam, which ranks next to China, the cesarean section rate is 35.6%, but the cesarean section rate without medical indications is only 1%.

　　The cesarean section rate in China has far exceeded the WHO standard of reducing the cesarean section rate to below 15%. The rapid increase of cesarean section rate and the decrease of natural delivery rate have brought heavy economic burden to society and families, and also wasted great health resources.

　　1. Present situation of natural childbirth in China

　　In the 1950s and 1970s, the natural delivery rate in China was around 95%. Since then, with the progress of medical technology and the improvement of material living standards, the natural delivery rate has been declining, and the cesarean section rate has been increasing year by year. After the 1980s, it quickly rose to 30% ~ 40%, and almost reached 40% ~ 60% in the 1990s.

　　In the 21st century, cesarean section has become more common. The cesarean section rate in most domestic urban hospitals is above 40% ~ 60%, and a few may be higher. The wide application of cesarean section has not reduced the perinatal mortality. Compared with natural delivery, the relative risk of maternal death has risen, which has a greater impact on the follow-up of maternal and perinatal children and increases the consumption of health resources, which has become another serious public health problem in China.

　　Zhu Xuanbo and others found that the cesarean section rate was 37.6% from 1993 to 2010 in the study of cesarean section rate of singleton primiparous women and pregnant women in some areas of China. Pregnant women require 10.0% cesarean section.

　　The rate of cesarean section in southern cities increased from 29.4% to 58.7%, in southern rural areas from 18.2% to 58.3%, and in northern rural areas from 4.3% to 49.5%. Among them, the rate of cesarean section required by pregnant women in southern cities increased from 0.6% to 21.3%, up 34 times; From 0.6% to 24.4% in southern rural areas, it has increased by 40 times;

　　The rural areas in the north increased by 44 times from 0.6% to 27.3%. Pregnant women’s request for cesarean section accounts for the main part of cesarean section.

　　In 2006, the National Institutes of Health,NIH) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) put forward the definition and principles for the cesarean section required by the mother of this singleton pregnancy without clinical complications.

　　It is defined as Cesar can delivery on cesarean section (CDMR) requested by the mother. The principle of handling CDMR is that the decision should be individualized and ethical, and CDMR should not be performed unless there is evidence of fetal lung maturity before 39 weeks of pregnancy.

　　At the same time, delivery institutions should provide effective pain management for all delivery women, and pain should not be the reason for choosing CDMR. Mothers who need to have multiple children do not advocate CDMR.

　　Therefore, clinicians in China should refer to the suggestions of NIH and ACOG, fully inform pregnant women of the advantages and disadvantages of CDMR, and avoid improper timing of elective cesarean section without clear indications, so as to reduce the increasing cesarean section rate.

　　At present, China is at the peak of fertility, and it is estimated that the peak will continue until 2015 before it will gradually stabilize. Nowadays, most young expectant mothers are only children, and fear of pain and convenience has become an important reason for them to choose cesarean section during delivery.

　　Superior living and working conditions weaken people’s tolerance for pain. For today’s healthy young women, there is nothing more painful than having to endure pain for more than ten hours when giving birth. The fear of "pain" urges them to choose cesarean section during delivery.

　　In addition, compared with natural delivery, cesarean section does not need a "long" wait, and "one knife" can solve the problem. For the above reasons, the number of pregnant women who choose cesarean section, especially primiparas, is increasing.

　　ACOG and SMFM jointly issued the first obstetrical care consensus No.1 & mdash; Safely avoid the first cesarean section.

　　It is suggested that doctors weigh the short-term and long-term advantages and disadvantages of cesarean section and vaginal delivery, and avoid the abuse of cesarean section safely and effectively, especially the first cesarean section. The common causes of the first cesarean section were analyzed by consensus, and the results were as follows: abnormal labor process, abnormal fetal heart rate monitoring, abnormal fetal position, multiple pregnancies and suspected macrosomia.

　　In view of the above reasons, the consensus puts forward a series of intervention measures, including redefining abnormal labor process and reducing unnecessary intervention in labor process; To provide non-medical support during labor and improve the recognition ability of fetal heart monitoring;

　　Carry out the application of external gluteal inversion; Reasonable nutrition guidance during pregnancy to prevent macrosomia; It is suggested that cesarean section should not be used as far as possible in twin pregnancy with the first fetus as the head position. The suggestions put forward by this consensus have a guiding role in reducing the delivery rate of first cesarean section in China.

　　At present, with the liberalization of the second child policy, not only will there be a group of pregnant women who will have two children for the first time in the future, but also a group who will be pregnant again after cesarean section. In the past, most countries preferred elective cesarean section for those pregnant women with a history of cesarean section (CS). In 1999, Lu Lini reported 1174 cases of cesarean section, of which 137 cases were cesarean section again, accounting for 11.6%, while in 2003, the rate of cesarean section again in the United States was as high as 89.4%.

　　Therefore, it is widely discussed in the industry that the second cesarean section will obviously increase the bleeding during maternity and postpartum, the rate of blood transfusion, infection, bladder and intestinal injury and the incidence of deep venous thrombosis. At the same time, pelvic adhesion caused by previous surgery also increases the difficulty of surgery. Newborns are also prone to transient dyspnea.

　　Therefore, since 1996, the United States began to encourage pregnant women with a history of CS to choose vaginal delivery (VBAC) when they are pregnant again. ACOG began to advocate VBAC in 1999. However, after nearly ten years’ efforts, there are still many difficulties to be solved, especially the possibility of uterine rupture and the risk of maternal and fetal failure in trial delivery.

　　In 2005, the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) published the second edition of Clinical Guidelines for Vaginal Delivery after Cesarean Section, which reviewed the contraindications of trial of labor, TOL) after Cesarean Section and its impact on pregnant women and fetus, and made an evidence-based assessment of the safety of VBAC.

　　It is believed that obstetricians should discuss the risks and benefits of VBAC with pregnant women who are willing to accept TOL. If the previous cesarean section was a transverse incision of the lower uterus and there was no contraindication to VBAC, the pregnant women should be advised to take TOL.

　　In order to ensure the safety and effectiveness of VBAC, the parturient should go to the hospital where emergency cesarean section can be carried out. During the labor process, we should closely monitor whether there is any abnormality between the mother and the baby, and deal with it in time if there is any abnormality. It is safe and reliable to use oxytocin to induce labor.

　　When the parturient is willing to accept induced labor and knows its risks, it is feasible to induce labor for the parturient with clear indications. Prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin E1 are not recommended for induced labor during TOL. If the cervical maturity is low during TOL, Foley catheter can be used to soften the cervix. Although the success rate is not high, it will not increase the risk of uterine rupture.

　　At present, many large-scale case series studies have confirmed that VBAC is relatively safe. The domestic and foreign literature reports that the success rate of vaginal trial delivery after cesarean section is 60% ~ 80%, and the uterine rupture rate of patients with transverse incision of lower uterine segment after previous cesarean section is only 0.1% ~ 1.5%.

　　Therefore, vaginal delivery after cesarean section can effectively reduce the incidence of uterine rupture, improve the success rate of vaginal delivery, and also play a positive role in reducing postpartum maternal and child complications.

　　In the mid-1950s, Friedman established the standard of normal delivery progress and delivery curve by evaluating the labor process data of 500 primiparas admitted to Sloane Hospital in new york, and the delivery curve was called Friedman’s labor process diagram or labor process standard.

　　This standard has been used to evaluate and manage the delivery process of lying-in women and played a certain role. However, in the practice of obstetrics and anesthesia, it is found that with the development of human society, the natural process of childbirth has changed because of the delay of marriage and childbearing age, the increase of pregnant women’s body weight and the increase of fetal body weight. Managing the labor process according to Friedman’s labor process standard has greatly increased obstetric interventions such as artificial rupture of membranes, widespread use of oxytocin and abuse of instrumental midwifery.

　　In recent years, some evidence-based medicine research results reflecting the changes of natural labor process have been published one after another. The unanimous conclusion is that Friedman labor chart is no longer suitable for today’s obstetric clinic, and it is recommended to abandon it.

　　The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the American Maternal and Fetal Medical Association (SMFM) and ACOG jointly recommended the use of new labor progress standards to manage the labor process. In 2014, experts from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association also put forward a new standard of labor process and an expert consensus on its handling, advocating the popularization and use of new standards of normal labor process and abnormal labor process in China’s obstetric clinical work, and further observing and summing up experience in the implementation, so that this new standard of labor process can play a role in reducing unnecessary labor process intervention, reducing cesarean section rate and ensuring maternal delivery safety.

　　Many pregnant women in China choose cesarean section because they are unwilling to endure the pain of natural delivery. However, the development of painless delivery in China is still in its infancy, and there is still a big gap with developed countries in Europe and America. In developed countries, the labor analgesia rate is over 80%, and the cesarean section rate is less than 20%, while the labor analgesia rate in China is less than 1%, but the cesarean section rate is 50%.

　　Increasing the rate of labor analgesia can effectively reduce pregnant women’s fear of labor pain and help reduce cesarean section by at least 5%, or even more.

　　The situation that the natural delivery rate is continuously low and the cesarean section rate remains high in China has attracted the attention of the state. In 2011, China Maternal and Child Health Association launched the project of "promoting natural delivery and ensuring the well-being of mother and baby", and adopted a series of measures at the national level to "cool down" cesarean section.

　　The overall goal of the five-year project is to create a social environment and concept to promote natural childbirth, popularize appropriate midwifery techniques and standardized health education contents and methods to promote natural childbirth, reduce unnecessary cesarean section and maternal and infant mortality, and establish an incentive mechanism to promote natural childbirth through the establishment of training centers, the formation of missionary teams, the cultivation of technical backbones, and the improvement of safeguard measures.

　　Popularize appropriate techniques and measures to promote natural delivery and improve medical staff’s cognition and handling ability of maternal and infant complications; Standardize the health education guidance to promote natural childbirth; Raise public awareness of promoting natural childbirth; Effective use of maternal and child health care technical service resources, reduce non-medical indications of cesarean section, improve and protect the health of women and children.

　　In 2010, the Health Department of Sichuan Province also vigorously advocated natural delivery and reduced the cesarean section rate, and included the reduction of cesarean section rate in the target assessment of hospitals, requiring all hospitals in the province to reduce the cesarean section rate by 5 percentage points on the original basis. It is believed that under the control of the government, the high cesarean section rate in China can be curbed.

　　2. Prospect of natural childbirth in China

　　With the harm of cesarean section to parturient and newborn being paid attention to by the state and obstetricians, and the increase of measures to promote natural delivery, such as labor analgesia, doula companionship, the improvement of midwifery technology, the reduction of episiotomy rate of natural delivery, the increase of breech inversion, and the liberalization of national second child policy, prenatal health education and publicity for pregnant women, diet control during pregnancy, strengthening exercise, reducing the first cesarean section, and advocating VBAC.

　　The current cesarean section rate has been declining year by year in recent years, and the mode of intrapartum service has also changed from the mode of intervention to the mode of giving priority to the safety and health of mother and baby, and advocated providing humanized and individualized services to pregnant women in physiology, psychology and environment.

　　Continuous physical, psychological and emotional support to the parturient during the delivery process makes the parturient feel comfortable and safe, and can cooperate with the medical staff to spend the delivery process safely and happily, thus achieving the purpose of promoting natural delivery.

　　Organized by the Women’s Health Branch of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, the women who gave birth in 9 medical and health institutions such as Beijing Maternity Hospital from November 2000 to June 2001 were taken as the research objects, and the influence of accompanying delivery on the labor process, maternal and infant outcome and maternal psychology, the feasibility of appropriate delivery technology and the influence of changing the health care model during delivery on pregnancy outcome were studied by using the control research method. The results showed that vaginal delivery accounted for 85.5% in the accompanying group, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (66.0%). Cesarean section accounted for 8.1% in the labor group, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (28.6%).

　　The emergency labor rate, postpartum hemorrhage rate and neonatal asphyxia rate in the accompanying labor group were also significantly lower than those in the control group. Compared with the control group, the degree of mental stress, worry and fear in the accompanying group was significantly reduced, while those who relaxed and cooperated with the labor process were significantly higher than the control group. It shows that the appropriate delivery service mode can increase the natural delivery rate, reduce the cesarean section rate and improve the prognosis of mother and baby.

　　The application of new labor chart is strongly advocated in the world and China, which can reduce unnecessary labor intervention, reduce cesarean section rate and ensure the delivery safety of pregnant women.

　　At present, China’s cesarean section rate is as high as 46.2%, ranking first in the world, which brings heavy economic burden to the country, society and families and wastes great health resources. Therefore, it is the responsibility and obligation of contemporary medical workers to improve the natural delivery rate and reduce the cesarean section rate.

　　It is possible to promote vaginal delivery and reduce the cesarean section rate to less than 30% on the premise of the safety of mother and baby through pre-pregnancy health care, pregnancy education and obstetric clinic, but the WHO’s proposal of less than 15% is unrealistic in China.

　　Because WHO put forward this standard around 1985, the present situation has changed a lot compared with that time. And the basis for WHO to propose this goal comes from countries with a majority of multiparas.

　　At present, the delivery in our country is mainly primiparas, and even multiparas, about 50% people have a history of cesarean section. It is a challenge for China to improve the natural delivery rate and reduce the cesarean section rate. We have a long way to go to truly attach importance to maternal and child health.

　　Cctv news(Reporter: Tian Hong Cao Zhen) On August 28th, the reporter learned from the media briefing on the preparation progress of the 2021 Summit Forum of the Service Trade Fair that the Service Trade Fair will hold 5 summit forums, 193 forum meetings, promotion and negotiation activities and 8 side events.

　　It is reported that the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the the State Council Development Research Center and the World Federation of Tourism Cities will hold five summit forums. Focusing on the cutting-edge trends, the forum conducted exchanges and discussions on the business opportunities of digital education, high-quality development of service trade, open cooperation, new digital ecology, and revitalization of world tourism, and conducted in-depth discussions on the strategic and structural issues of global service trade.

　　It is worth noting that in this summit forum, there will be a number of authoritative reports and indexes released, which will help lead the development of the industry and become the focus of this summit forum. Li Baochun, member of the party group of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Culture and Tourism and executive deputy secretary-general of World Tourism Cities Federation, said: "At the summit forum of Xiangshan Tourism Summit and World Tourism Cooperation and Development Conference in 2021, the Future Development Agenda of World Tourism Cities (2021— 2030) "World Tourism City Development Report 2020" is of great significance to guiding the sustainable development of world tourism cities. "

　　The State Council Development Research Center will hold two summit forums, namely, "New Trends of Service Trade Opening and Development" and "Service Trade Facilitation from the Perspective of Multinational Corporations". Wang Yanqing, Vice President of National Research Think Tank, said: "‘ Summit Forum on the New Trend of Open Development of Service Trade ’ China Service Trade Development Report 2020 and Digital Trade Development and Cooperation Report (2021) will be released, ‘ Service Trade Facilitation Summit Forum from the Perspective of Multinational Corporations ’ The research report "Theory, Policy and Practice of International Consumer Center Cities" will be released. " The release of these authoritative reports will further play the role of the Service Trade Association in leading the new development of global service trade.

　　Liu Yangyang, Electronic Commerce Department of Beijing Municipal Bureau of Commerce, said: "In ‘ 2021 China E-commerce Conference Summit Forum ’ In terms of results release, the Ministry of Commerce will hold the awarding ceremony of the new national e-commerce demonstration base in 2021 for 16 additional e-commerce parks. At the same time, the Ministry of Commerce and the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League will release ‘ Digital Business Youth E-commerce Cloud Course ’ , create ‘ Number quotient promotes agriculture ’ Action and promote the youth e-commerce cultivation project. " It focuses on guiding young people to use new modes such as e-commerce to improve the digital level of agricultural products and broaden the channels for starting businesses to get rich.

　　"Based on the successful experience held last year, the digital trade development trend and frontier summit forum of the Trade Fair in 2021 will continue to share development achievements with peers in the global digital economy." Liang Liang, Deputy Secretary-General of China Institute of Electronics, said at the meeting that the Ministry of Commerce will release China Digital Trade Development Report 2020, China Institute of Electronics will release Research on the Implementation Path of Data-Driven Industry Innovation, and China Industrial Internet Research Institute will also release China Industrial Internet Industry Development Index Report (2021).